Chapter 14

Question 1

Social contagion

Answer 1

Spreading of a behaviour as a result of social interactions

Ex) smoking

Question 2

Social resilience

Answer 2

Ability to keep positive relationships and to endure/recover from social isolation and life stressors

Question 3

Stress

Answer 3

A psychological and physiological reaction that occurs when perceived demands exceed existing resources to meet those demands

Question 4

Stressor

Answer 4

The event/stimulus

Can be acute (one-time) or chronic (constant) 

Ex) too much homework with too little time to complete it all

Question 5

Stress response

Answer 5

The experience in response to the event

Ex) crying, frustration, procrastination

Question 6

Appraisal

Answer 6

Cognitive act of assessing and evaluating the potential threat and demands of an event

Question 7

Primary appraisal

Answer 7

Perception of the potential threat.

“Is this a threat?”
No = no stress (phew)
Yes = stress reaction/emotional reaction

Question 8

Secondary appraisal

Answer 8

“How do I cope with this threat?”

Adequate coping = no more stress
Inadequate coping = more stress

Question 9

Individual zone of optimal functioning
(IZOF)

Answer 9

A range of emotional intensity in which a person is most likely to perform at their best

Question 10

General adaptation syndrome

Answer 10

Series of stress responses involving alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

Question 11

Fight or flight response

Answer 11

A set of physiological changes that occur in response to psychological or physical threats

(Seen more in men)

Question 12

Tend and befriend response

Answer 12

Seeking out stable friendship networks for support

(Seen more in women)

Ex) AA

Question 13

Vasopressin

Answer 13

Influences levels of stress hormones released by adrenal gland.

Controlled by hypothalamus/ pituitary gland

Question 14

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 14

The study of the relationship between immune system and nervous system functioning

Question 15

Type A personality

Answer 15

Describes people who tend to be impatient and worry about time, are easily angered, competitive and highly motivated

Question 16

Type B personality

Answer 16

Describes people who are more laid-back and characterized as being patient, easy-going, and relaxed.

Question 17

Coping

Answer 17

Processes used to manage demands, stress, and conflict.

Question 18

Problem-focussed coping

Answer 18

Step 1. Define the problem
Step 2. Work toward solutions

Question 19

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 19

Finding ways to reduce negative effects of emotion.

Question 20

Positive psychology

Answer 20

Use a scientific methods to study human strengths, and potential

Question 21

Optimism

Answer 21

Tendency to have a favorable, constructive view on situations and to expect positive outcomes

Question 22

Pessimism

Answer 22

Tendency to have a negative perception of life and expect negative outcomes

Question 23

Resilience

Answer 23

Ability to effectively recover from illness or adversity.

Question 24

Post-traumatic growth

Answer 24

Capacity to grow and experience long-term positive effects in response to negative events

Question 25

Meditation

Answer 25

Any procedure that involves a shift in consciousness, to a state in which an individual is highly focused, aware, and in control of mental processes

Question 26

Focus attention meditation

Answer 26

Focussing attention on a specific object or a physical sensation (such as breathing)

Question 27

Open monitoring meditation

Answer 27

Focussing attention on moment-by-moment sensations (without focusing on a particular object)

Question 28

Yoga

Answer 28

Directed breathing while moving body in specific poses

Question 29

Exercise

Answer 29

Can cause increases in dopamine, epinephrine, and BDNF

Question 30

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Answer 30

Protein that promote survival, growth, and formation of new synapsies in the brain

Question 31

Compensatory control

Answer 31

Psychological strategies people use to preserve a sense of non-random order when personal control is compromised

Question 32

Perceived control

Answer 32

A learned avoidant or escape behaviour in response to unpleasant, uncontrollable circumstances