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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Study of human physical, cognitive, social, and behavioural characteristics across the lifespan

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2
Q

Cross sectional design

A

Measures and compare samples of people at different ages at a given point in time (quicker and less expensive)

May be subject to cohort effects

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3
Q

Cohort effect

A

Differences between people resulting from the time period in which they were born

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4
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Follows development of the same set of individuals through time (more expensive, time consuming)

May be subject to participants dropping out of study (attrition)

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5
Q

2 week fetal brain development (Embryonic stage)

A

Nerve cells develop

A layer specialized cells full to create the neural tube, eventually developed into the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

4 week fetal brain development

A

Forebrain, mid-brain, and hindbrain divisions become observable

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7
Q

7 week fetal brain development

A

Spinal cord development allows for movement, and the strengthening / coordination of limbs

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8
Q

11 week fetal brain development

A

Cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem have all developed

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9
Q

7 month fetal brain development

A

Cerebral cortex (external brain) forms folds and ridges

Myelin builds up around developing nerve cells

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10
Q

9 month fetal brain development

A

Brain is approximately 25% of the size and weight of an adult brain.

Approximately 100 billion neurons (but most connections have not been established yet)

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11
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that impair developmental processes
Ex) drugs, alcohol, tobacco, environmental toxins

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12
Q

Reflexes

A

Involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation

(Help newborns perform basic movements needed to survive)

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13
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Turning head in the direction of stimulation at the corner of the mouth

Ex) breastfeed /bottle latching

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14
Q

Moro reflex

A

Reaching out of arms, followed by hugging motion

(Essentially starfishing then bringing it back in)

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15
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Clenching of hand in response to stimulation of the palm

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16
Q

Stepping reflex

A

Straightening of the leg in anticipation of pressure on the sole of the foot

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17
Q

Cognitive development

A

Study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan

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18
Q

Sensitive period

A

Period of time in development where exposure to specific types of environmental stimulation is needed for normal development of a specific ability
Ex) parent recognition, balance 

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19
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Interested in how children think and reason (studied his own kids)

To Central process of learning:

  1. Assimilation - fitting new information into the belief system you already have
  2. Accommodation - creative process where people modify their beliefs based on new experiences
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20
Q

Jean Piagets 4 stages on cognitive development

A
  1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
  2. Preoperational (2-7)
  3. Concrete operational (7-11)
  4. Formal operational (11-adult)
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21
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Infants thoughts about the world are based on direct sensory and motor exploring
Ex) seeing, touching

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22
Q

Object permanence

A

Ability to understand the objects still exist even when they are not being directly perceived

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23
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Focusses on language development, symbol use and pretend play

(Cannot yet comprehend abstract thinking)

24
Q

Conservation

A

Knowing that the quantity/amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of the object

25
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Developing logical thinking and number manipulation skills

Now able to problem solve and think about logical concepts that conform to their previous experiences

Abstract difficulty:
Ex) A>B, C>A -> C>B

26
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Development of the advanced cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
Ex) algebra 

27
Q

Core knowledge hypothesis

A

Infants are born with abilities to understand key aspects of their environment

28
Q

Attachment

A

The enduring emotional bond formed between individuals

29
Q

Secure attachment

A

Child occasionally checks in with parents while they explore.

Child shows in distress when parent leaves, avoid stranger.

Child seeks comfort from parent when they return

30
Q

Insecure anxious attachment

A

Child had clingy behaviour rather than exploring
.
Child is very upset when the parent leaves, and fearful of stranger.

Child seeks comfort from parent but also resists

31
Q

Insecure avoidant attachment

A

Child doesn’t need the parent at all.

Child is unconcerned when a parent leaves and unconcerned by a stranger.

Child does not seek contact when parents returns

32
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

Child views parent as a source of fear and comfort. Result of instability

33
Q

Self awareness

A

Ability to recognize ones individuality
(Begins developing at birth)

34
Q

Theory of mind

A

The child realizing that other people have thoughts and perspectives that differ from their own

35
Q

Erik Eriksons 1/8 stage of psychosocial development

A
  1. Infancy: Trust vs mistrust

Developing a basic sense of security towards caregivers.

36
Q

Erik Eriksons 2/8 stage of psychosocial development

A
  1. Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs shame

Exercising will as an individual, seeks independence and gains self-sufficiency

37
Q

Erik Eriksons 3/8 stage of psychosocial development

A

Early childhood: Initiative vs guilt

Begins to test boundaries, and responsibility of actions. Active exploration of the environment, takes personal initiative

38
Q

Erik Eriksons 4/8 stage of psychosocial development

A

Childhood: Industry vs inferiority

Active task engagement, goal achievement, pursuing unique interests

39
Q

Primary sex traits

A

Changes in the body directly related to reproduction

Ex) menstruation 

40
Q

Secondary sex traits

A

Changes in the body not directly related to reproduction

Ex) pubic hair, bigger boobs

41
Q

Erik Eriksons 5/8 stage of psychosocial development

A

Adolescence: Identity vs role confusion

Establishing a sense of self as well as attachments to particular social groups

42
Q

Peer groups

A

Created by common social and behavioural interests and goals

43
Q

Romantic relationships

A

Shifting attachment needs from safety and security to a more physical and emotional intimacy

44
Q

Erik Eriksons 6/8 stage of psychosocial development

A

Young adulthood: Intimacy vs isolation

Establishing and maintaining close relationships

45
Q

Erik Eriksons 7/8 stage of psychosocial development

A

Adulthood: Generativity vs stagnation

Productive engagement in the world

46
Q

Erik Eriksons 8/8 stage of psychosocial development

A

Aging: Ego integrity vs despair

Focussing on accomplishments versus failures

47
Q

Aging

A

Structural changes and functional decline in the brain

(Involves the reduction of grey and white matter in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex)

48
Q

Dementia

A

Involves minor to severe disruption of mental functioning, memory loss, disorientation, poor judgement and decision making

49
Q

Preconventional morality

A

Involves self-interest in seeking reward or avoiding punishment

50
Q

Conventional morality

A

Involves social conventions and rules as guides for appropriate moral behaviour

51
Q

Postconventional morality

A

Considers rules and laws as relative. Right and wrong are determined by abstract principles of justice and rights

52
Q

3 main areas of personal growth

A

Relationships = trust, support, establish intimate connections

New possibilities = Freedom to pursue goals and interests

Personal strength = Confidence to overcome life challenges

53
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

A type of dementia that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks

54
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event

55
Q

Didhabituation

A

Increase in responding with presentation of new stimulus

56
Q

Attrition

A

Participants dropping out of a study.

Highly likely in longitudinal studies

57
Q

Social intuitionist model of morality

A

Moral decisions believed to be based on “gut feelings”

Intro to Psychology (16 decks)

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