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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Study of human physical, cognitive, social, and behavioural characteristics across the lifespan

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2
Q

Cross sectional design

A

Measures and compare samples of people at different ages at a given point in time (quicker and less expensive)

May be subject to cohort effects

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3
Q

Cohort effect

A

Differences between people resulting from the time period in which they were born

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4
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Follows development of the same set of individuals through time (more expensive, time consuming)

May be subject to participants dropping out of study (attrition)

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5
Q

2 week fetal brain development (Embryonic stage)

A

Nerve cells develop

A layer specialized cells full to create the neural tube, eventually developed into the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

4 week fetal brain development

A

Forebrain, mid-brain, and hindbrain divisions become observable

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7
Q

7 week fetal brain development

A

Spinal cord development allows for movement, and the strengthening / coordination of limbs

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8
Q

11 week fetal brain development

A

Cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem have all developed

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9
Q

7 month fetal brain development

A

Cerebral cortex (external brain) forms folds and ridges

Myelin builds up around developing nerve cells

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10
Q

9 month fetal brain development

A

Brain is approximately 25% of the size and weight of an adult brain.

Approximately 100 billion neurons (but most connections have not been established yet)

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11
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that impair developmental processes
Ex) drugs, alcohol, tobacco, environmental toxins

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12
Q

Reflexes

A

Involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation

(Help newborns perform basic movements needed to survive)

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13
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Turning head in the direction of stimulation at the corner of the mouth

Ex) breastfeed /bottle latching

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14
Q

Moro reflex

A

Reaching out of arms, followed by hugging motion

(Essentially starfishing then bringing it back in)

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15
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Clenching of hand in response to stimulation of the palm

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16
Q

Stepping reflex

A

Straightening of the leg in anticipation of pressure on the sole of the foot

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17
Q

Cognitive development

A

Study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan

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18
Q

Sensitive period

A

Period of time in development where exposure to specific types of environmental stimulation is needed for normal development of a specific ability
Ex) parent recognition, balance 

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19
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Interested in how children think and reason (studied his own kids)

To Central process of learning:

  1. Assimilation - fitting new information into the belief system you already have
  2. Accommodation - creative process where people modify their beliefs based on new experiences
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20
Q

Jean Piagets 4 stages on cognitive development

A
  1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
  2. Preoperational (2-7)
  3. Concrete operational (7-11)
  4. Formal operational (11-adult)
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21
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Infants thoughts about the world are based on direct sensory and motor exploring
Ex) seeing, touching

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22
Q

Object permanence

A

Ability to understand the objects still exist even when they are not being directly perceived

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23
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Focusses on language development, symbol use and pretend play

(Cannot yet comprehend abstract thinking)

24
Q

Conservation

A

Knowing that the quantity/amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of the object

25
Concrete operational stage
Developing logical thinking and number manipulation skills Now able to problem solve and think about logical concepts that conform to their previous experiences Abstract difficulty: Ex) A>B, C>A -> C>B
26
Formal operational stage
Development of the advanced cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking Ex) algebra 
27
Core knowledge hypothesis
Infants are born with abilities to understand key aspects of their environment
28
Attachment
The enduring emotional bond formed between individuals
29
Secure attachment
Child occasionally checks in with parents while they explore. Child shows in distress when parent leaves, avoid stranger. Child seeks comfort from parent when they return
30
Insecure anxious attachment
Child had clingy behaviour rather than exploring . Child is very upset when the parent leaves, and fearful of stranger. Child seeks comfort from parent but also resists
31
Insecure avoidant attachment
Child doesn't need the parent at all. Child is unconcerned when a parent leaves and unconcerned by a stranger. Child does not seek contact when parents returns
32
Disorganized attachment
Child views parent as a source of fear and comfort. Result of instability
33
Self awareness
Ability to recognize ones individuality (Begins developing at birth)
34
Theory of mind
The child realizing that other people have thoughts and perspectives that differ from their own
35
Erik Eriksons 1/8 stage of psychosocial development
1. Infancy: Trust vs mistrust Developing a basic sense of security towards caregivers.
36
Erik Eriksons 2/8 stage of psychosocial development
2. Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs shame Exercising will as an individual, seeks independence and gains self-sufficiency
37
Erik Eriksons 3/8 stage of psychosocial development
Early childhood: Initiative vs guilt Begins to test boundaries, and responsibility of actions. Active exploration of the environment, takes personal initiative
38
Erik Eriksons 4/8 stage of psychosocial development
Childhood: Industry vs inferiority Active task engagement, goal achievement, pursuing unique interests
39
Primary sex traits
Changes in the body directly related to reproduction Ex) menstruation 
40
Secondary sex traits
Changes in the body not directly related to reproduction Ex) pubic hair, bigger boobs
41
Erik Eriksons 5/8 stage of psychosocial development
Adolescence: Identity vs role confusion Establishing a sense of self as well as attachments to particular social groups
42
Peer groups
Created by common social and behavioural interests and goals
43
Romantic relationships
Shifting attachment needs from safety and security to a more physical and emotional intimacy
44
Erik Eriksons 6/8 stage of psychosocial development
Young adulthood: Intimacy vs isolation Establishing and maintaining close relationships
45
Erik Eriksons 7/8 stage of psychosocial development
Adulthood: Generativity vs stagnation  Productive engagement in the world
46
Erik Eriksons 8/8 stage of psychosocial development
Aging: Ego integrity vs despair Focussing on accomplishments versus failures
47
Aging
Structural changes and functional decline in the brain (Involves the reduction of grey and white matter in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex)
48
Dementia
Involves minor to severe disruption of mental functioning, memory loss, disorientation, poor judgement and decision making
49
Preconventional morality
Involves self-interest in seeking reward or avoiding punishment
50
Conventional morality
Involves social conventions and rules as guides for appropriate moral behaviour
51
Postconventional morality
Considers rules and laws as relative. Right and wrong are determined by abstract principles of justice and rights
52
3 main areas of personal growth
Relationships = trust, support, establish intimate connections New possibilities = Freedom to pursue goals and interests Personal strength = Confidence to overcome life challenges
53
Alzheimer's disease
A type of dementia that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks
54
Habituation
Decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event
55
Didhabituation
Increase in responding with presentation of new stimulus
56
Attrition
Participants dropping out of a study. Highly likely in longitudinal studies
57
Social intuitionist model of morality
Moral decisions believed to be based on "gut feelings"

Intro to Psychology (16 decks)

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