Chapter 7a

Question 1

What is the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors?

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

What is learning that certain events occur together?

Answer 2

associative learning

Question 3

What is any event or situation that evokes a response?

Answer 3

stimulus

Question 4

What is behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus?

Answer 4

respondent behavior

Question 5

What is behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences?

Answer 5

operant behavior

Question 6

What is the acquisition of mental information through observing events, watching others, or language?

Answer 6

cognitive learning

Question 7

What type of learning links two or more stimuli, such as in Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 7

classical conditioning

Question 8

What is the view that psychology should study behavior without reference to mental processes?

Answer 8

behaviorism

Question 9

What is a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning?

Answer 9

neutral stimulus

Question 10

What is an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 10

unconditioned response

Question 11

What is a stimulus that unconditionally triggers an unconditioned response?

Answer 11

unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

What is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus?

Answer 12

conditioned response

Question 13

What is an originally neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after association?

Answer 13

conditioned stimulus

Question 14

What is the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 14

acquisition

Question 15

What is a procedure where the conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus?

Answer 15

higher order conditioning

Question 16

What is the diminishing of a conditioned response?

Answer 16

extinction

Question 17

What is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause?

Answer 17

spontaneous recovery

Question 18

What is the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses?

Answer 18

generalization

Question 19

What is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli?

Answer 19

discrimination

Question 20

What type of learning involves behavior becoming more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer?

Answer 20

operant conditioning

Question 21

What is Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely?

Answer 21

law of effect

Question 22

What is the name of the chamber used in operant conditioning research that records an animal’s behavior?

Answer 22

operant chamber

Question 23

What is any event that strengthens the behavior it follows in operant conditioning?

Answer 23

reinforcement

Question 24

What operant conditioning procedure guides behavior toward closer approximations of the desired behavior?

Answer 24

shaping

Question 25

What is the term for increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers?

Answer 25

positive reinforcement

Question 26

What is the term for increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli?

Answer 26

negative reinforcement

Question 27

What type of reinforcer is innately reinforcing and satisfies a biological need?

Answer 27

primary reinforcer

Question 28

What is a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer?

Answer 28

conditioned reinforcer

Question 29

What defines how often a desired response will be reinforced in operant conditioning?

Answer 29

reinforcement schedule

Question 30

What type of reinforcement schedule reinforces the desired response every time it occurs?

Answer 30

continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 31

What type of reinforcement schedule reinforces a response only part of the time?

Answer 31

partial intermittent reinforcement schedule

Question 32

What reinforcement schedule reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses?

Answer 32

fixed ratio schedule

Question 33

What reinforcement schedule reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses?

Answer 33

variable ratio schedule

Question 34

What reinforcement schedule reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed?

Answer 34

fixed interval schedule

Question 35

What reinforcement schedule reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals?

Answer 35

variable interval schedule

Question 36

What is an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows?

Answer 36

punishment

Question 37

What is a biological predisposition to learn associations with survival value?

Answer 37

preparedness

Question 38

What is the tendency of learned behavior to revert to biologically predisposed patterns?

Answer 38

instinctive drift

Question 39

What is a mental representation of the layout of one's environment?

Answer 39

cognitive map ## Footnote For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

Question 40

What type of learning occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it?

Answer 40

latent learning

Question 41

What is the desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake?

Answer 41

intrinsic motivation

Question 42

What is the desire to perform a behavior to receive rewards or avoid punishment?

Answer 42

extrinsic motivation

Question 43

What is learning by observing others called?

Answer 43

observational learning

Question 44

What is the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior?

Answer 44

modeling

Question 45

What are frontal lobe neurons that fire when we perform actions or observe others doing so?

Answer 45

mirror neurons ## Footnote The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.

Question 46

What is positive constructive, helpful behavior called?

Answer 46

prosocial behavior