Chapter 11 Flashcards
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Motivation
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
Instinct
A basic bodily requirement.
Physiological need
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Drive Reduction Theory
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
homeostasis
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
Incentive
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
Yerkes Dodson Law
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
Hierarchy Needs
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hungry.
Glucose
The point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.
Set POint
The body’s resting rate of energy output.
Basal Metabolic Rate
Defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher.
Obesity
Having no sexual attraction to others.
asexual
The most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
testosterone
Sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. Estrogen levels peak during ovulation. In nonhuman mammals, this promotes sexual receptivity.
estrogens
The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Sexual Response Cycle
In human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm.
Refractory Period
A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle.
Sexual Dysfunction
Inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient bloodflow to the penis.
erectile disorder
Distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm.
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonliving objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons.
paraphilias
A life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.
Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of one’s own sex (homosexual orientation), the other sex (heterosexual orientation), or both sexes (bisexual orientation).
Sexual Orientation
The need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.
affliliation Need
Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups.
ostracism
Excessive self-love and self-absorption.
Narcissism
A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard.
Achievement Motivation
In psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.
Grit
