Chapter 7 Quiz Flashcards
Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiments with dogs are an example of:
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to occur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to occur if followed by a punisher.
Operant Conditioning
According to Edward Thorndike’s law of effect, the cats’ performance in the puzzle box _____________ because these behaviors lead to a ____________ consequence.
Improved; Favorable
The process whereby an event (it could be obvious or very subtle) that follows a behavior strengthens that behavior is called:
Reinforcement
An important distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment is that negative reinforcers ______________ the preceding behavior, while punishers _________ the preceding behavior.
Strengthen; decrease
Food and shelter are examples of ______________ reinforcers, while money and good grades are examples of ______________ reinforcers.
Primary; conditioned
Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both ____________ behavior, however, positive reinforcement involves __________ a stimulus and negative reinforcement involves ___________ a stimulus.
Strengthen; presenting; removing
____________________ schedules of reinforcement specify that a set number of responses must occur before a behavior is reinforced, while in ____________________ schedules of reinforcement the first instance of behavior after a set period of time is reinforced.
Fixed-ratio; fixed Interval
In his famous Bobo doll experiment, ____________________ demonstrated that when children witnessed an adult engaging in ____________________ behaviors, the children engaged in those behaviors as well.
Albert Bandura; aggressive
A Skinner box, formally known as a(n) ____________________, is a device used in operant conditioning research that contains a bar or a key that an animal (e.g., a pigeon or a rat) can manipulate to obtain ____________________.
Operant chamber; reinforcers
