Chapter 7 Vocab Flashcards
Biological rhythms
Periodic physiological fluctuations
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Circadian Rhythm
The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
Non-Rem Sleep
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REM Sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active
Alpha waves
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Sleep
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
Hallucinations
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Delta waves
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Insomnia
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Sleep apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Night terrors
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified;unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
Dream
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind. Notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamers delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it
Manifest Content
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
Latent Content
According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. Functions as a safety valve.
Dream Theories
Freud's Wish-fulfillment Information-processing Physiological function Activation-synthesis Cognitive theory
Freud’s Wish-fulfillment
Dreams provide a “psychic safety valve”- expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings- contain manifest content and a deeper layer of latent content-a hidden meaning
Information-processing
Dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate our memories
Physiological function
Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
Activation-synthesis
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
Cognitive theory
Dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development-their knowledge and understanding
REM rebound
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Anton Mesmer
Credited for the popularity of hypnosis
Posthypnotic suggestion
A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Social Influence Theory
Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role
Theodore Barber
Credited with the Social influence theory
Dissociation
Divided-consciousness theory
A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
Ernest Hilgard
Credited with the divided consciousness theory, or disassociation
Age Regression
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Psychoactive drug
A chemical substance that affects perceptions and mood
Tolerance
The diminishing effect with with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect
Withdrawal
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
Physical Dependence
A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
Psychological Dependence
A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
Addiction
Compulsive drug craving and use
Depressants
Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Barbiturates
Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Opiates
Opium and it’s derivatives such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Stimulants
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
Amphetamines
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Methamphetamines
A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
Ecstasy(MDMA)
A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen, produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition
Hallucinogens
Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distorts perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD
A powerful hallucinogenic drug, known as acid
THC
The major active ingredient in marijuana, triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
Near-death experience
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death, often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
Dualism
The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Monism
The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing
