Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
0
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident, than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. It examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence,and assess conclusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Scientific Method

A

Explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Theory

A

Aims to explain some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate testable hypotheses with the hope of collecting data that support the theory.

An explanation of using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement that expresses a relationship between two variables.

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Operational Definitions

A

An explanation of how variables are measured

A statement of the procedures(operations) used to define research variables. It allows us to measure variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Replicate

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Case Study

A

A research method used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Survey

A

Involves asking people to fill out surveys

A technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Population

A

The group from which a sample is selected

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Random Sample

A

A method of seeking a sample from a population

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

Research method that involves observing participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Correlation

A

A statistical measure of a relationship between two variables

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Scatterplots

A

A graph of correlated data

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

16
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

The perception of a relationship where none exists

17
Q

Experiment

A

The only research method that can show a casual relationship

When an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

18
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Method followed such that neither the participants nor the researcher are aware of who is in the experimental or control groups while the experiment is going on

the participant and the staff are ignorant about whether the participant has received the treatment or a placebo

19
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Any effect on behaviors by expectations; any affect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent

20
Q

Experimental Condition

A

The participants who are exposed to the independent variable

21
Q

Control Condition

A

The participants that serve as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

22
Q

Random Assignment

A

The process by which participants are put into either an experimental or a control group

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

23
Q

Independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated

24
Q

Dependent variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

25
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

26
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

27
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

28
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

29
Q

Standard Deviation

A

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

30
Q

Statistical Significance

A

5% is the cutoff for statistically significant results. In a statistically significant experimental result, the is less than a 5% chance that the results occurred by chance

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

31
Q

Culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

32
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis