Chapter 10 Flashcards
Concepts
Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Cognition
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category or concept
Algorithm
Step by step procedures that guarantees a solution
Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithm
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
Mental Set
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Functional Fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
Representativeness Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they see, to represent, or match, particular prototypes
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements
Framing
The way an issue is posed now an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
Belief Bias
The tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
Belief perseverance
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been credited
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme
The smallest distinctive sound unit
Morpheme
Smallest unit that carries meaning; word or part of a word
Grammar
A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Semantics
Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language, study of meaning
Syntax
Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Babbling stage
Begins at about 4 months; stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language
One-word Stage
Stage in speech development, 1-2yo., during which a child speaks mostly in single words
Two-word stage
Beginning at about 2yo., stage if speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
Telegraphic speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words
Noam Chomsky
One of the most famous linguists of all time
Linguistic Determinism
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
