Chapter 5 Vocab Flashcards
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Perception
The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Sensation
Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information
Bottom-up processing
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Top-down processing
Fatigue of perception, complete sensation but incomplete perception inability to top-down process
Prosopagnosia
The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
Psychophysics
The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Absolute threshold
A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue
Signal detection theory
Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Subliminal
The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response
Priming
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference
Difference threshold
The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
Weber’s Law
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Sensory adaptation
Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.
Transduction
The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the shirt blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
Wavelength
The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth
Hue
The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude
Intensity
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
Pupil
A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Iris
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
Lens
The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
Accommodation
The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
Retina