Chapter 15 Vocab Part 1

Question 0

Sigmund Freud

Answer 0

Focused largely on the role of our unconscious and our childhood experiences in determining our personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 2

Free association

Answer 2

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Question 3

Psychoanalysis

Answer 3

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Question 4

Unconscious

Answer 4

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

Question 5

Id

Answer 5

Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Question 6

Ego

Answer 6

The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the Id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Question 7

Superego

Answer 7

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations

Question 8

Psychosexual stages

Answer 8

The childhood stages of development during which, according to Freud, the Id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Question 9

Oedipus complex

Answer 9

According to Freud, a boys sexual desire toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Question 10

Identification

Answer 10

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

Question 11

Fixation

Answer 11

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Question 12

Defense mechanism

Answer 12

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 13

Repression

Answer 13

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Question 14

Regression

Answer 14

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Question 15

Reaction formation

Answer 15

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

Question 16

Projection

Answer 16

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

Question 17

Rationalization

Answer 17

Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for ones actions

Question 18

Displacement

Answer 18

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object of person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Question 19

Alfred Adler

Answer 19

Well known for the inferiority complex: a pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rathe than trying to overcome their source. Believed we are who we are because of our childhood. Don’t let kids figure things out on their own

Question 20

Karen Horney

Answer 20

Agreed that childhood was important, but that social, not sexual tensions are crucial for personality formation. Attempted to counter Freud’s assumptions that women have “penis envy” and weak superegos. Argues that childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security

Question 21

Carl Jung

Answer 21

Collective unconscious: the part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people; believed our id, ego, and superego forces made us unique from one another

Question 23

Projective test

Answer 23

A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

Question 24

Thematic Apperception Test TAT

Answer 24

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Question 25

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 25

The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Question 28

Collective unconscious

Answer 28

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history