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Anatomy, Physiology, and Terminology > Chapter 7 - The Nervous System and Mental Health > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - The Nervous System and Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

Carrying toward a given point, such as the sensory neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS (root fer means “to carry”)

A

afferent

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2
Q

The middle layer of the meninges (from the Greek word for spider, because this tissue resembles a spider web)

A

arachnoid mater

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3
Q

The division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities, controlling smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands; the visceral nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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4
Q

The fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body

A

axon

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5
Q

The nervous tissue contained within the cranium; consists of the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum (root: encephal/o)

A

brain

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6
Q

The part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

brainstem

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7
Q

the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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8
Q

The posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla; helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture (cerebellum means “little brain”) (root: cerebell/o)

A

cerebellum

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9
Q

The cerebrum’s thin surface layer of gray matter (the cortex is the outer region of an organ) (root: cortic/o)

A

cerebral cortex

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10
Q

The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure (root: cerebr/o)

A

cerebrum

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11
Q

The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord as a protection

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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12
Q

A fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body

A

dendrite

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13
Q

The 12 pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain

A

cranial nerves

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14
Q

The part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the brainstem

A

diencephalon

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15
Q

The strong, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges

A

dura mater

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16
Q

Carrying away from a given point, such as the motor neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS (root fer means “to carry”)

A

efferent

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17
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS (plural: ganglia) (root: gangli/o, ganglion/o)

A

ganglion

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18
Q

A raised convolution of the surface of the cerebrum (plural: gyri)

A

gyrus

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19
Q

The part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and maintains homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

Any neuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron in a neural pathway, such as the neurons that transmit impulses within the CNS

A

interneuron

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21
Q

The portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It has vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure (root: medull/o). Often called simply medulla

A

medulla oblongata

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22
Q

The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (singular: meninx) (root: mening/o, meninge/o)

A

meninges

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23
Q

The part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons; contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing

A

midbrain

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24
Q

Producing movement; describes neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS

A

motor

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25
Q

A whitish, fatty substance that surrounds certain axons of the nervous system

A

myelin

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26
Q

A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse.

A

neurotransmitter

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27
Q

The supportive cells of the nervous system; also called glial cells (from glia meaning “glue;” root: gli/o)

A

neuroglia

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27
Q

The basic unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell

A

neuron

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28
Q

A bundle of nerve cell fibers outside the CNS (root: neur/o)

A

nerve

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29
Q

The part of the automatic nervous system that reverses the response to stress and restores homeostasis. It slows heart rate and respiration rate and stimulates activity of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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30
Q

The portion of the nervous system outside the CNS

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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31
Q

A simple, rapid, and automatic response to a stimulus

A

reflex

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32
Q

The innermost layer of the meninges

A

pia mater

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33
Q

A rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains fibers that connect regions of the brain; adjective: pontine

A

pons

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34
Q

A branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord; the dorsal (posterior) root joins the dorsal gray horn of the spinal cord; the ventral (anterior) root joins the ventral gray horn of the spinal cord (root: radicul/o)

A

root

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34
Q

The nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra (root: myel/o)

A

spinal cord

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35
Q

Describing neurons that carry impulses toward the CNS

A

sensory

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36
Q

The division of the nervous system that controls skeletal (voluntary) muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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37
Q

A shallow furrow or groove, as on the surface of the cerebrum (plural: sulci)

A

sulcus

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37
Q

The 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

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38
Q

The part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes a response to stress; increases heart rate and respiration rate and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles

A

sympathetic nervous system

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39
Q

The junction between two neurons; also the junction between a motor neuron and a muscle or gland

A

synapse

40
Q

A bundle of nerve cell fibers within the CNS

A

tract

40
Q

The part of the brain that receives all sensory impulses, except those for the sense of smell, and directs them to the proper portion of the cerebral cortex (root: thalam/o)

A

thalamus

41
Q

The autonomic nervous system

A

visceral nervous system

41
Q

A small cavity, such as one of the cavities in the brain in which CSF is produced (root: ventricul/o)

A

ventricle

42
Q

Myelinated tissue of the nervous system

A

white matter

43
Q

A form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex; presenile dementia

A

Alzheimer disease (AD)

44
Q

Injury resulting from a violent blow or shock; a concussion of the brain usually results in loss of consciousness

A

concussion

45
Q

A state of reduced comprehension, coherence, and reasoning ability resulting in inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli

A

confusion

46
Q

A series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions.

A

convulsion

47
Q

A gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function

A

dementia

47
Q

State of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused

A

coma

48
Q

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other material carried in the circulation

A

embolism

49
Q

A chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric activity from the brain, resulting in seizures

A

epilepsy

50
Q

Insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite ample opportunity to sleep

A

insomnia

51
Q

Inflammation of the brain

A

encephalitis

52
Q

Inflammation of the meninges

A

meningitis

53
Q

Brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day

A

narcolepsy

54
Q

Temporary or permanent loss of function.

A

paralysis

55
Q

A sudden attack, as seen in epilepsy.

A

seizure

56
Q

Brief periods of breathing cessation during sleep

A

sleep apnea

57
Q

Sudden interference with blood flow in one or more cerebral vessels leading to oxygen deprivation and necrosis of brain tissue; caused by a blood clot in a vessel (ischemic stroke) or rupture of a vessel

A

stroke

58
Q

Development of a blood clot within a vessel

A

thrombosis

59
Q

A form of depression with episodes of mania (a state of elation); manic depressive illness

A

bipolar disorder

59
Q

A false belief inconsistent with knowledge and experience

A

delusion

60
Q

A feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread

A

anxiety

61
Q

A disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, lack of response to social contact and affection, preoccupations, stereotyped behavior, and resistance to change

A

autism

62
Q

A false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli

A

hallucination

63
Q

A mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities

A

depression

64
Q

A form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear

A

panic disorder

65
Q

A mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm

A

paranoia

65
Q

An extreme, persistent fear of a specific object or situation

A

phobia

66
Q

A mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions and hallucinations

A

psychosis

67
Q

Persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threatening, catastrophic events, such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters, and warfare

A

PTSD

68
Q

any disease of the nervous system

A

neuropathy

69
Q

x-ray image of the spinal cord

A

myelogram

70
Q

inflammation of the spinal cord

A

myelitis

71
Q

Study of the mind

A

psychology

72
Q

Study of the nervous system

A

neurology

73
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

74
Q

Largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

75
Q

Highest functioning part of the brain

A

cerebral cortex

76
Q

The terms dura, pia, and arachnoid pertain to the:

A

meninges

77
Q

The visceral nervous system is described as:

A

autonomic

78
Q

The innermost layer of the meninges is the:

A

pia mater

78
Q

The number of pairs of spinal nerves is:

A

31

79
Q

The autonomic nervous system is separated into:

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

80
Q

The support cells of the nervous system are:

A

neuroglia

81
Q

Myeloradiculitis is inflammation of the:

A

spinal cord and spinal nerve roots

82
Q

Hernia of the meninges is:

A

a meningocele

83
Q

The adjective form of medulla is:

A

medullary

84
Q

White matter is covered with:

A

myelin

85
Q

Radiculitis is inflammation of:

A

nerve roots

86
Q

Aphasia affects:

A

speech

87
Q

Epilepsy is characterized by:

A

seizures

88
Q

The common term for a cerebrovascular accident is a:

A

stroke

89
Q

Cerebral angiography is:

A

radiography of vessels in the brain

90
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is marked by:

A

repetitive behaviors

90
Q

Dysthymia is a form of:

A

depression

90
Q

Polysomnography is a study of:

A

sleep

91
Q

A neuroleptic drug is used to treat:

A

psychosis

92
Q

A network, as of nerves, is a:

A

plexus

Anatomy, Physiology, and Terminology (15 decks)

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