Chapter 6 - The Muscular System Flashcards
A neurotransmitter that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles
acetylcholine (ACh)
The muscle that opposes an agonist; it must relax when the agonist contracts
antagonist
One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is actin
myosin
An organ that produces movement by contracting; also the tissue that composes such organs (root: my/o, muscul/o)
muscle
Involuntary muscle that makes up the heart wall
cardiac muscle
One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is myosin
actin
A muscle that carries out a given movement (from Greek agon meaning “contest,” “struggle”)
agonist
The fibrous sheath of connective tissue that covers a muscle; called deep fascia to differentiate it from the superficial fascia that underlies the skin (root: fasci/o); plural: fasciae
fascia
In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a stable part of the skeleton
origin
In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a moving part of the skeleton
insertion
A small bundle, as of muscle or nerve fibers
fascicle
The point of contact, or synapse, between a branch of a motor neuron and a muscle cell
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
The main muscle involved in a given movement
prime mover
Voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton and maintains posture
skeletal muscle
Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of the hollow organs, vessels, and ducts; visceral muscle
smooth muscle
A muscle that assists a prime mover to produce a given movement
synergist
A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (root: ten/o, tendin/o)
tendon
A state of steady, partial contraction of muscle that maintains firmness; muscle tone (root: ton/o)
tonus
A disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons resulting in muscular weakness and atrophy; Lou Gehrig disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
A disorder associated with widespread muscular aches and stiffness and having no known cause
fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)
A disease of unknown cause that involves persistent fatigue, along with muscle and joint pain and other symptoms; may be virally induced
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
A disease of unknown origin involving inflammation of muscles as well as dermatitis and skin rashes
dermatomyositis
A group of hereditary muscular disorders marked by progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles
muscular dystrophy
A disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness; an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction
myasthenia gravis (MG)
A disease of unknown cause involving muscle inflammation and weakness
polymyositis
Tissue damage caused by repeated motion, usually overuse of the arm or hand in occupational activities such as writing, typing, painting, or using hand tools; also called repetitive motion injury, cumulative trauma injury, overuse syndrome
repetitive strain injury (RSI)
Trauma to a muscle because of overuse or excessive stretch; if severe, may involve tearing of muscle, bleeding, or separation of muscle from its tendon or separation of a tendon from bone
strain
Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive force at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture
sprain
Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; the shoulder, elbow, and hip are common sites
tendinitis
Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath
tenosynovitis
An enzyme found in muscle tissue; the serum level of CK increases in cases of muscle damage
creatine kinase (CK)
A disorder of the muscles
myopathy
Study of the electrical activity of muscles during contraction
electromyography (EMG)
incision into a muscle
myotomy
inflammation of a muscle with its tendon
myotenositis
study of movement
kinesiology
excision of fascia
fasciectomy
Myoglobin is a type of protein found in
muscles
pain in a tendon
tenalgia, tenodynia
Fasciitis is inflammation of
fascia
Dystonia is abnormal muscle
tone
In the muscular system, the opposite of the origin is the
insertion
The neuromuscular junction is between a muscle and a
neuron
The quadriceps femoris muscle forms the anterior part of the
thigh
The opposite of flexion is
extension
The opposite of abduction is
adduction
The band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a
tendon
Polymyositis is inflammation of many
muscles
The word kinesis means
movement
my/o
muscle
muscul/o
muscle
in/o
fiber
fasci/o
fascia
ten/o, tendin/o
tendon
ton/o
tone
erg/o
work
kin/o-, kine, kinesi/o, kinet/o
movement
a group of four muscles in the thigh
quadriceps femoris
large muscle of the upper chest
pectoralis major
muscle used in chewing; jaw muscle
masseter
main muscle of the calf
gastrocnemius
acting on muscle fibers
inotropic
muscle of the upper back and neck
trapezius
absence of movement
akinesia
abnormal muscle tone
dystonia
instrument for measuring muscle work
ergometer
The study and treatment of rheumatic diseases
rheumatology
A general term for inflammation, soreness, and stiffness of muscles associated with pain in joints
rheumatism
A sudden, involuntary muscle contraction; may be clonic
spasm
Forcible tearing away of a part
avulsion
Permanent contraction of a muscle
contracture
A wasting away; a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ, such as the wasting of muscle from disuse
atrophy
absence of muscle tone
atony
The number of origins (heads) in the triceps brachii muscle is
three (3)
A muscle that produces extension at the joint is called a(n)
extensor
Movement toward the midline of the body is termed
adduction
The strong, cord-like tendon that attaches the calf muscle to the heel is the
Achilles tendon
The opposite of origin is
insertion
The opposite of agonist is
antagonist
The opposite of abduction is
adduction
The opposite of pronation is
supination
The opposite of extension is
flexion
The adjective for tendon is:
tendinous
Inflammation of muscle is:
myositis
A term that means ‘pertaining to muscle and fascia’ is:
myofascial
Movement away from the midline is:
abduction
The latissimus dorsi is located in the:
back
A muscle group in the thigh that has four components is the:
Quadriceps femoris
The hamstring muscles are located in the:
posterior thigh
The muscle that opposes an agonist is the:
antagonist
ACh is the abbreviation for a(n):
neurotransmitter
Peristalsis is produced by:
smooth muscle
A disease that involves both muscles and the skin is:
dermatomyositis
Avulsion is:
tearing away
Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign are indications of:
tetany
OT and PT are abbreviations for:
types of therapy
ALS, FMS, and MG are all abbreviations for:
diseases
Myoglobin is a substance that:
stores oxygen in muscle cells
Permanent contraction of muscle is called:
contracture
Carpal tunnel syndrome involves structures in the:
wrist
Dermatomyositis involves muscles and:
skin
Creatine kinase is a(n):
enzyme
Smooth muscle is also called _____.
visceral muscle
Muscles are enclosed in a fibrous sheath of connective tissue called _______.
fascia
The type of muscle that is characterized by voluntary movement is/are _________.
skeletal
True or False? Skeletal muscles are mainly involuntary in control.
False
Pointing the toes downward is _______.
plantar flexion
The end of a muscle that is attached to a relatively immovable part is the _____.
origin
The _____ is the end of a muscle that is attached to a movable part.
insertion
