Chapter 13 - Digestive System Flashcards
The distal opening of the digestive tract (root: an/o)
anus
An appendage; usually means the narrow tube of lymphatic tissue attached to the cecum, the vermiform (worm-like)
appendix
The fluid secreted by the liver that emulsifies fats and aids in their absorption (roots: chol/e, bili)
bile
The first portion of the small intestine (root: duoden/o)
duodenum
The muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.
esophagus
A blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine (root: cec/o)
cecum
An organic catalyst; speeds the rate of chemical reactions
enzyme
The major portion of the large intestine; extends from the cecum to the rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse, and descending portions (root: col/o, colon/o)
colon
The duct that carries bile into the duodenum; formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct (root: choledoch/o)
common bile duct
The waste material eliminated from the intestine (adjective: fecal); stool
feces
A special pathway of the circulation that brings blood directly from the abdominal organs to the liver for processing.
hepatic portal system
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that stores bile (root: cholecyst/o)
gallbladder
A lymphatic capillary in a villus of the small intestine. Absorbs digested fats into the lymph.
lacteal
The middle portion of the small intestine (root: jejun/o)
jejunum
The terminal portion of the small intestine (root: ile/o)
ileum
The portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus. It functions in digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste (root: enter/o).
intestine
The terminal portion of the digestive tract, consisting of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. It stores and eliminates undigested waste material (feces)
large intestine
The large gland in the upper right part of the abdomen. In addition to many other functions, it secretes bile needed for digestion and absorption of fats (root: hepat/o)
liver
Muscle tissue at the distal end of the esophagus (gastroesophageal junction) that prevents stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus. Also called the cardiac sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Chewing
mastication
The oral cavity; contains the tongue and teeth. Used to take in and chew food, mix it with saliva, and move it toward the throat to be swallowed
mouth
The roof of the mouth; the partition between the mouth and nasal cavity; consists of an anterior portion formed by bone
palate
A large, elongated gland behind the stomach. It produces hormones that regulate sugar metabolism and also produces digestive enzymes (root: pancreat/o)
pancreas
Wave-like contractions of an organ’s walls; moves material through an organ or duct
peristalsis
The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and supports the abdominal organs
peritoneum
The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o)
pharynx
The stomach’s distal opening into the duodenum. The opening is controlled by a ring of muscle, the pyloric sphincter (root: pylor/o)
pylorus
The distal portion of the large intestine. It stores and eliminates undigested waste (root: rect/o, proct/o)
rectum
The clear secretion released into the mouth that moistens food and contains a starch-digesting enzyme (root: sial/o). Produced by three pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
saliva
Distal S-shaped portion of the large intestine located between the descending colon and the rectum
sigmoid colon
A muscular sac-like organ below the diaphragm that stores food and secretes juices that digest proteins (root: gastr/o)
stomach
The portion of the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine; comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
small intestine
The fleshy mass that hangs from the soft palate; aids in speech production (literally “little grape”) (root: uvul/o)
uvula
Tiny projections in the lining of the small intestine that absorb digested foods into the circulation (singular: villus)
villi
Inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
Inability to absorb foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat and some other grains; caused by an excess immune response to gluten
celiac disease
Inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
Chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue
cirrhosis
Difficulty in swallowing
dysphagia
Vomiting
emesis
A warm or burning sensation felt behind the sternum and radiating upward. Commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Medical name is pyrosis (pyr/o means “heat”)
heartburn
Inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection
hepatitis
Enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
An unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes vomiting. Typically occurs in digestive upset, motion sickness, and sometimes early pregnancy
nausea
Inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
A tumor that grows on a stalk and bleeds easily
polyp
Use of a fiberoptic endoscope for direct visual examination. GI studies include esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy (rectum and distal colon), and colonoscopy (all regions of the colon)
endoscopy
An opening into the body; generally refers to an opening created for elimination of body waste. Also refers to the operation done to create such an opening.
ostomy
A term that pertains to the common bile duct is:
choledochal
The adjective gnathic refers to the:
jaw.
The adjective palatine refers to the:
roof of the mouth.
The salivary glands under the tongue are described as:
sublingual.
Wavelike contractions of the digestive tract constitute:
peristalsis
Number and arrangement of the teeth:
dentition
The epigastric region is located:
above the stomach.
The appendix is attached to the:
cecum.
The hepatic portal system carries blood from the digestive tract to the:
liver.
The cholecyst is the:
gallbladder.
A contrast medium used for gastrointestinal diagnosis is:
barium.
Radiographic study of the salivary glands and ducts is:
sialography.
An enterovirus infects the:
intestine.
In a cecorrhaphy, the:
cecum is sutured.
Surgical creation of an opening into the middle portion of the small intestine is a(n):
jejunostomy.
A radiographic study of the bile ducts:
cholangiography
Intussusception, volvulus, and ileus are forms of:
intestinal obstruction.
Inflammation of a bile duct is:
cholangitis.
BE, ERCP, and UGI are types of:
radiographic studies.
Inflammation of the abdominal membrane is:
peritonitis.
Part of the stomach near the esophagus
cardia
The buccinator muscle is in the
cheek
Which of the following is a fingerlike projection off the cecum of the large intestine?
appendix
The portion of the large intestine that empties into the rectum is the _____.
sigmoid colon
The passage of nutrients from the digestive tract into the blood or lymph for distribution to body cells is called _____.
absorption
Which part of the colon is the horizontally oriented top portion, which lies just superior to the small intestine?
transverse colon
Obstruction of the intestine is termed _____.
ileus
The folds in the stomach lining that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients
rugae
