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A&P > Chapter 7: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Dense or cortical bone

A

Compact Bone

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2
Q

Cancellous or trabecular bone

A

Spongy Bone

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3
Q

-Support and protection
-Movement
-Hemopoiesis: (blood cell production)
-Storage of minerals and energy reserves (Calcium and Phosphate)

A

Functions of Bones

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4
Q

Functions of Bones

-Storage of what minerals

A

Calcium and Phosphate

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5
Q

Coverings and Linings of Bone (1 of 2)

tough sheath covering outer surface of bone

A

Periosteum

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6
Q

Coverings and Linings of Bone (2 of 2)

Covers all internal surfaces of bone within medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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7
Q

External surface of bone has -
Internal has -

A

Compact
Spongy (Diploe)

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8
Q

spongy bone in flat bone of skull is also called

A

Diploe

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9
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

A

Four types of cells found in bone CT

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10
Q

Four types of cells found in bone CT

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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11
Q

-Bone stem cells, mature to become osteoblast

A

Osteoprogenitor

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12
Q

-Produce/ Synthesize and secrete osteoid (osteoid later calcifies)
-Become entrapped within the matrix

A

osteoblasts:

(formed from osteoprogenitor stem cells)
-mature into osteocytes

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13
Q

Type of bone cell

maintain the bone matrix

A

osteocytes:

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14
Q

Type of bone cell

Large, multinucleated, phagocytic cells that resorb bone.

A

osteoclasts:

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15
Q

Type of bone cell that has phagocytic cells

A

osteoclasts- PHAGOCYTIC/ BONE RESORPTION

Large, multinucleated, phagocytic cells that resorb bone.

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16
Q

-osteoclast release a substance that destroys bone matrix
-calcium and phosphate dissolve by hydrochloric acid
- occurs when blood calcium levels are low

A

Bone Resorption

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17
Q

When Bone resorption occurs, what is dissolved hy Hydrochloric Acid

A

Calcium and Phosphate

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17
Q

When does Blood Resorption occur

A

when blood calcium levels are low

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18
Q

When Bone resorption occurs, osteoclasts release a substance that does what?

A

destroys bone matrix

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19
Q

When Bone resorption occurs, Calcium and Phosphate is dissolved by what>

A

Hydrochloric Acid

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20
Q

Compact Bone is composed of what

A

osteons

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21
Q

A central canal is in what

A

Compact Bone

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22
Q

Compact Bone

Rings of bone CT that surround central canal

A

concentric lamellae:

(srrounding each hole

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23
Q

Compact Bone:

what gives strength & resilience

A

Collagen fibers

perpendicular to lamellae

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24
Q

What are collagen fibers perpendicular too?

A

to lamellae

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25
Q

Compact bone:

: tiny interconnecting channels within bone CT, allows exchange of nutrients

A

Canaliculi

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26
Q

What part of the Compact Bone allows exchange of nutrients

A

Canaliculi

tiny interconnecting channels

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27
Q

Rings of bone

A

Circumferential lamellae:

(rubber band holding straws together)

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28
Q

interstitial Lamella:

A
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29
Q

What is composed of Trabeculae

A

Spongy Bone

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30
Q

Composition of what type of Cartilage?

Chondrocytes in lacunae within a matrix of protein fibers
Gel-like ground substance
Avascular and contains no nerves
Chondroblasts: produce cartilage matrix
chondrocytes

A

Composition of Hyaline cartilage

31
Q

What is Avascular and contains no nerves

A

Composition of Hyaline cartilage

32
Q

Gel-like ground substance is in what type of cartilage

A

Composition of Hyaline cartilage

33
Q

Chondrocytes in lacunae within a matrix of protein fibers is in what type of Cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartliage

34
Q

Composition of Hyaline cartilage

maintain the matrix
are chondroblasts that are encased within the matrix

A

Chondrocytes

35
Q

Composition of Hyaline cartilage

produce cartilage matrix

A

Chondroblasts

36
Q

Composition of Hyaline cartilage

What maintains the matrix?

A

Chondrocytes

37
Q

Cartilage Growth

2 Types of Growth

A

interstitial growth
appositional growth

38
Q

Cartilage Growth

growth in length that occurs within internal regions of cartilage

( grows from inside out, making it longer )

A

interstitial growth

39
Q

Cartilage/ Bone growth

growth in width around the periphery of cartilage

(Makes it wider)

A

appositional growth

40
Q

Cartilage growt

called Dermal Ossification

(ossification- turn into bone) (Dermis-skin)

A

Intramembranous Ossification

41
Q

Starts with hyaline Cartilage model —> turns into bone (ossification)

A

Endochondral Ossification

42
Q

What does Bone remodeling depend on

A

-activities of osteoblasts (making of bone)
-osteoclasts (resorption of bone)

43
Q

bone remodeling influenced by:

A

Blood calcium levels
Hormones (calcitonin and parathyroid)
mechanical stress - exercise
Gravity

Bone remodeling depends on
-Activity of Osteoblasts (making of bone)
-Osteoclasts (blood resorption)

44
Q

Hormones That Influence Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling +

Two primary hormones that regulate blood calcium

A

Calcitrol and Parathyroid

45
Q

Hormone That Influence Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling-

inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity

A

Calcitonin

46
Q

2 hormones that stimulate osteoclast activity.

A

parathyroid
calcitriol

47
Q

What hormone inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity,

A

Calcitonin

48
Q

what hormone is secreted and released from the parathyroid gland in response to decreased blood calcium levels

A

parathyroid

49
Q

disease caused by Vitamin D deficiency in childhood,

A

Rickets

50
Q

Hormone released from the thyroid gland in response to increased blood calcium levels.
-Aids in regulating blood calcium levels
-inhibits osteoclast activity

A

Calcitonin

51
Q

This hormone aids in regulating blood calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

52
Q

This hormone inhibits osteoclast activity

A

Calcitonin

53
Q

Hormone Calcitonin is released from what gland

A

Thyroid Gland

54
Q

stress fracture
simple fracture
pathological fracture:
compound fracture

A

Types of Fractures

55
Q

Types of Fractures

A

stress fracture
simple fracture
pathological fracture:
compound fracture

56
Q

fracture that occurs in bone weakened by disease

A

pathological

57
Q

fracture withbroken bone not penetrating skin

A

simple fracture:

58
Q

fracture with one or both ends of the bone pierce overlying skin.

A

Compound Fracture

59
Q

1.fracture hematoma forms
2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3.hard (bony) callus forms
4.bone is remodeled

A

Four steps of bone fracture repair

60
Q

Four types found in bone CT

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

61
Q

cell that Produce osteoid

A

osteoblasts

62
Q

What cells Becomes entrapped within the matrix

A
63
Q

What occurs when blood calcium levels are low?

A

Bone Resorption

64
Q

What occurs when osteoclast release a substance that destroys bone matrix

A

Bone Resorption

65
Q

bone stem cells

A

osteoprogenitor

66
Q

Whats in the concentric lamellae?

A

-rings of bone CT that surround central canal

-collagen fibers (perpendicular to lamellae) give strength & resilience

67
Q

What has a gel like substance in hyaline cartilage

A

Ground Substance

68
Q

-Hemopoiesis is what

A

blood cell productions

69
Q

el l

Hormone released from the thyroid gland

A

Calcitonin

70
Q

hormone is secreted and released in response to decreased blood calcium levels

A

Parathyroid

(released from parathyroid gland)

71
Q

Hyaline Cartilage has what type of Fibers in it

A

Collagen

72
Q

1st Step of of bone fracture repair

A

1.fracture hematoma forms

73
Q

2nd Step of Bone fracture repair

A
  1. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
74
Q

3rd Step of Bone Fracture Repair

A
  1. Hardy (Bone) Callus forms
75
Q

What produces cartilage matrix?

A

Osteoblasts

76
Q

Chondrocytes lay in what within a matrix of protein fibers

A

lacunae

A&P (18 decks)

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