Chapter 7: Skeletal System Flashcards
Dense or cortical bone
Compact Bone
Cancellous or trabecular bone
Spongy Bone
-Support and protection
-Movement
-Hemopoiesis: (blood cell production)
-Storage of minerals and energy reserves (Calcium and Phosphate)
Functions of Bones
Functions of Bones
-Storage of what minerals
Calcium and Phosphate
Coverings and Linings of Bone (1 of 2)
tough sheath covering outer surface of bone
Periosteum
Coverings and Linings of Bone (2 of 2)
Covers all internal surfaces of bone within medullary cavity
endosteum
External surface of bone has -
Internal has -
Compact
Spongy (Diploe)
spongy bone in flat bone of skull is also called
Diploe
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Four types of cells found in bone CT
Four types of cells found in bone CT
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
-Bone stem cells, mature to become osteoblast
Osteoprogenitor
-Produce/ Synthesize and secrete osteoid (osteoid later calcifies)
-Become entrapped within the matrix
osteoblasts:
(formed from osteoprogenitor stem cells)
-mature into osteocytes
Type of bone cell
maintain the bone matrix
osteocytes:
Type of bone cell
Large, multinucleated, phagocytic cells that resorb bone.
osteoclasts:
Type of bone cell that has phagocytic cells
osteoclasts- PHAGOCYTIC/ BONE RESORPTION
Large, multinucleated, phagocytic cells that resorb bone.
-osteoclast release a substance that destroys bone matrix
-calcium and phosphate dissolve by hydrochloric acid
- occurs when blood calcium levels are low
Bone Resorption
When Bone resorption occurs, what is dissolved hy Hydrochloric Acid
Calcium and Phosphate
When does Blood Resorption occur
when blood calcium levels are low
When Bone resorption occurs, osteoclasts release a substance that does what?
destroys bone matrix
When Bone resorption occurs, Calcium and Phosphate is dissolved by what>
Hydrochloric Acid
Compact Bone is composed of what
osteons
A central canal is in what
Compact Bone
Compact Bone
Rings of bone CT that surround central canal
concentric lamellae:
(srrounding each hole
Compact Bone:
what gives strength & resilience
Collagen fibers
perpendicular to lamellae
What are collagen fibers perpendicular too?
to lamellae
Compact bone:
: tiny interconnecting channels within bone CT, allows exchange of nutrients
Canaliculi
What part of the Compact Bone allows exchange of nutrients
Canaliculi
tiny interconnecting channels
Rings of bone
Circumferential lamellae:
(rubber band holding straws together)
interstitial Lamella:
What is composed of Trabeculae
Spongy Bone
Composition of what type of Cartilage?
Chondrocytes in lacunae within a matrix of protein fibers
Gel-like ground substance
Avascular and contains no nerves
Chondroblasts: produce cartilage matrix
chondrocytes
Composition of Hyaline cartilage
What is Avascular and contains no nerves
Composition of Hyaline cartilage
Gel-like ground substance is in what type of cartilage
Composition of Hyaline cartilage
Chondrocytes in lacunae within a matrix of protein fibers is in what type of Cartilage
Hyaline Cartliage
Composition of Hyaline cartilage
maintain the matrix
are chondroblasts that are encased within the matrix
Chondrocytes
Composition of Hyaline cartilage
produce cartilage matrix
Chondroblasts
Composition of Hyaline cartilage
What maintains the matrix?
Chondrocytes
Cartilage Growth
2 Types of Growth
interstitial growth
appositional growth
Cartilage Growth
growth in length that occurs within internal regions of cartilage
( grows from inside out, making it longer )
interstitial growth
Cartilage/ Bone growth
growth in width around the periphery of cartilage
(Makes it wider)
appositional growth
Cartilage growt
called Dermal Ossification
(ossification- turn into bone) (Dermis-skin)
Intramembranous Ossification
Starts with hyaline Cartilage model —> turns into bone (ossification)
Endochondral Ossification
What does Bone remodeling depend on
-activities of osteoblasts (making of bone)
-osteoclasts (resorption of bone)
bone remodeling influenced by:
Blood calcium levels
Hormones (calcitonin and parathyroid)
mechanical stress - exercise
Gravity
Bone remodeling depends on
-Activity of Osteoblasts (making of bone)
-Osteoclasts (blood resorption)
Hormones That Influence Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling +
Two primary hormones that regulate blood calcium
Calcitrol and Parathyroid
Hormone That Influence Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling-
inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity
Calcitonin
2 hormones that stimulate osteoclast activity.
parathyroid
calcitriol
What hormone inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity,
Calcitonin
what hormone is secreted and released from the parathyroid gland in response to decreased blood calcium levels
parathyroid
disease caused by Vitamin D deficiency in childhood,
Rickets
Hormone released from the thyroid gland in response to increased blood calcium levels.
-Aids in regulating blood calcium levels
-inhibits osteoclast activity
Calcitonin
This hormone aids in regulating blood calcium levels
Calcitonin
This hormone inhibits osteoclast activity
Calcitonin
Hormone Calcitonin is released from what gland
Thyroid Gland
stress fracture
simple fracture
pathological fracture:
compound fracture
Types of Fractures
Types of Fractures
stress fracture
simple fracture
pathological fracture:
compound fracture
fracture that occurs in bone weakened by disease
pathological
fracture withbroken bone not penetrating skin
simple fracture:
fracture with one or both ends of the bone pierce overlying skin.
Compound Fracture
1.fracture hematoma forms
2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3.hard (bony) callus forms
4.bone is remodeled
Four steps of bone fracture repair
Four types found in bone CT
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
cell that Produce osteoid
osteoblasts
What cells Becomes entrapped within the matrix
What occurs when blood calcium levels are low?
Bone Resorption
What occurs when osteoclast release a substance that destroys bone matrix
Bone Resorption
bone stem cells
osteoprogenitor
Whats in the concentric lamellae?
-rings of bone CT that surround central canal
-collagen fibers (perpendicular to lamellae) give strength & resilience
What has a gel like substance in hyaline cartilage
Ground Substance
-Hemopoiesis is what
blood cell productions
el l
Hormone released from the thyroid gland
Calcitonin
hormone is secreted and released in response to decreased blood calcium levels
Parathyroid
(released from parathyroid gland)
Hyaline Cartilage has what type of Fibers in it
Collagen
1st Step of of bone fracture repair
1.fracture hematoma forms
2nd Step of Bone fracture repair
- fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3rd Step of Bone Fracture Repair
- Hardy (Bone) Callus forms
What produces cartilage matrix?
Osteoblasts
Chondrocytes lay in what within a matrix of protein fibers
lacunae
