Ch. 16 Senses Flashcards
What is the Distribution of the endings of a sensory neuron
(area that a receptor cell gathers information from)
a stimulus we are consciously aware of
(must reach cerebral cortex)
Sensation
Decreased sensitivity to continuous stimulus
Adaptation
show limited adaptation, respond continuously
Tonic Receptors
- like the steady background noise of your body’s awareness system, providing constant updates about your internal state and surroundings.*
Adapt rapidly, only respond to new stimuli
Phasic Receptors
Rapid Changes > Duration
ex: Put on Clothes –> you feel them –> Brain Filters out sensation until theres a change
1.What detect stimuli from external environment
2.What detect stimuli from internal organs
3.What detect body and limb movements
- Exteroceptors
- interoceptors
- Proprioceptors:
What Type of Receptor
1.detects chemicals dissolved in fluid
2.Detect changes in light intensity, color, movement
1.Chemoreceptors
2.Photoreceptors
What Type of Receptor
1.Detects distortion of cell membrane
2.Detects painful stimuli
- Mechanoreceptors
2.Nociceptors
Tactile Receptors:
Free Nerve Endings
Root Hair Plexuses
Tacticle discs
Unencapsulated receptors or Encapsulated?
Unencapsulated receptors
Tactile Receptors:
End (Krause) bulbs l
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles
Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles:
Unencapsulated or Encapsulated?
Encapsulated Receptors
Tactile Receptors: Unencapsulated
- Pain ,Temperature, light, Touch, pressure
2.Detects hair displacement
3.Respond to light touch
1.Free Nerve Endings I
2.Root Hair Plexuses
3.Tactile Discs
Tactile Receptors: Encapsulated
- Detect pressure and LOW-frequency vibration
- Detect deep pressure, course touch, HIGH-frequency vibration
3.Detect deep pressure and skin distortion
4.Discriminative light touch – allow recognition of texture and shape
1.End (Krause) bulbs
2.Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
3.Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles:
4.Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles:,
Tactile Receptors: Encapsulated
Krause is also known as the
End bulbs
Detect pressure and LOW-frequency vibration,
Krause down low
Tactile Receptors: Encapsulated
Pacinean is also known as the
Lamellated corpuscles, (layers)
Detect deep pressure, course touch, HIGH-frequency vibration
Tactile Receptors: Encapsulated
Ruffini is also known as:
Bulbous Corpuscles
Detect deep pressure and skin distortion,
Ruffini is Skinny
Tactile Receptors: Encapsulated
(Meissner is also known as ) corpuscles:
Tactile Corpuscles
Discriminative light touch – allow recognition of texture and shape
Pain that is perceived as if it originates in the skin and skeletal muscle is known as
Referred Pain
2 Examples of Referred Pain
Heart Pain reffered to Pectoral Region/ Medial Arm
Kidney/Ureter Pain referred to inferior abdomen
Heart Pain Refers to what
Pectoral Region
+
Medial Arm
Detection of odorants dissolved in the air
Olfactory
Discriminative light touch – allows recognition of what?
Texture and Shape
Olfactory Receptor Cells:
Supporting Cells:
Basal Cells:
3 Types of cells in olfactory epithelium
Detect Odor
Type of cell in olfactory epithelium that detect odor
Olfactory receptor
Type of cell in olfactory epithelium that sustains the receptor cells
Supporting cells
What Nerve Innervates the anterior (2/3rd) Part of Tongue
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
What Nerve innervates posterior 1/3rd of Tongue
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
transparent lining of eye and lid surfaces
Conjunctiva
What covers anterior sclera (white of eye)
ocular or palpebral
ocular conjunctiva
What covers internal surface of eyelid
palpebral conjunctiva
What produces, collects and drains fluid
Lacrimal apparatus
Lacrimal gland: produces fluid and secretes it through ducts
each punctum has a lacrimal canaliculus draining to lacrimal sac
lacrimal sac drains to nasolacrimal duct to nasal cavity
Tears disperse across the surface of eye and
fluid drains into what?
Lacrimal puncta (holes by lacrimal caruncle)
After Fluid Drains into into Lacrimal Puncta, it has a lacrimal canaliculus draining to what?
Lacrimal Sac
Lacrimal sac drains to nasolacrimal duct to what?
Nasal Cavity
2 Wall is formed by three tunics
Fibrous (external)
Vascular (middle)
Retina (inner)
3 Eye Walls
Fibrous
Contains : Sclera + Cornea
External, Middle, or Inner?
External
FCS
Vascular
Contains- Choroid + Ciliary + Iris
External, Middle, or Inner?
Middle
VICC
Retina
External, Middle, or Inner?
Inner
What Wall of the Eye contains the Sclera And Cornea?
Fibrous (External)
Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris are in what Eye Wall
Vascular (Middle)
optic disc
macula lutea
are componenets of what?
Componnents of the Retina
fovea centralis is in the what?
macula lutea
(Apart of the Retina)
What has the
-highest proportion of cones
-Area of sharpest vision
Fovea Centralis
What part of the eye is filled with Crystalline Protein
Lens
What Humor has transparent gelantinous fluid in posterior cavity (Behind Lens)
Vitreous Humor
transparent watery fluid in anterior cavity (in front of lens)
Aqueous Humor
convergence of the eyes:
Accommodation of the lens: ciliary muscle contraction thickens lens
Constriction of the pupil:
NEAR OR FAR?
NEAR
Eyes face forward (not converged)
Lens is flattened (ciliary muscles relaxed, suspensory ligaments taut)
Pupil is relatively dilated (zoomed)
NEAR OR FAR?
FAR
What are more numerous
Rods or Cones?
Rods
What are Activated by Dim Light
+
Contains rhodopsin
?
Cones or Rods?
Rods
What are concentrated at fovea centralis
+
Activated by Light?
Cones
light-absorbing molecules
Photopigments
What contains rhodopsin?
Cones or Rods?
Rods
Process when light triggers electrical events
Phototransduction
D or L?: contains cis-retinal
D or L?: causes reconfiguration to trans-retinal, which dissociates from opsin (bleaching)
Dark vs Light?
Dark
Light
Rods are repolarized in the Dark or Light?
Na+ and Ca2+ enter cell (“the dark current”)
contains cis-retinal
Dark
Left and Right eyes have overlapping visual fields which allows
stereoscopic vision (depth perception)
amplify sound waves and transmit them to oval window
Auditory Ossicles
cochlea
vestibule
semicircular canals
3 Main Regions of Inner Ear
sterocilia are in What?
hair cells
stereocilia and kinocilia are embedded in what?
tectorial membrane
base of hair cells synapse with what
Sensory Neurons
utricle
saccule
are in what?
vestibule
Cochlear hair cell stimulation
When basilar membrane moves up, hair cells are pushed into tectorial membrane and their tips are tilted, pulling tip links
What does Pitch depend on?
loudness depends on wave amplitude
loudness depends on
wave amplitude
The saccule and utricle detect both stationary position of the head and linear acceleration of the head.
