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A&P > Ch.14 Spinal Nerves/ Cord > Flashcards

Ch.14 Spinal Nerves/ Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the Spinal Cord end?

A

L1Vertebrae

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2
Q

(past L1) the inferior end tapers (narrows) to form the

A

conus medullaris

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3
Q

How many pairs of Cervical Nerves

A

8 Pairs

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4
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there

A

12 pairs

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5
Q

How many pairs of sacred Nerves?

A

5 pairs

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6
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal nerves

A

1 pair

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7
Q

How many Spinal Nerves are there?

A

31

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8
Q

spinal nerve roots extend inferiorly from the what

A

conus medullaris

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9
Q

The spinal nerve roots that extend inferiorly from the conus medullaris are called the

A

Cauda Equina (the “horses tail”).

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10
Q

Area deep to arachnoid through which CSF flows

A

Subarachnoid space

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11
Q

Anterior horn
Lateral horn
Posterior horn

are the 3 horns of what

A

Gray matter

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12
Q

Gray matter is composed of three horns:

(1/3)
(contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons)

A

Anterior horn

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13
Q

Gray matter is composed of three horns:

Contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

only present in parts T1-L2

A

Lateral horn

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14
Q

(contains sensory axons and cell bodies of interneurons)

A

Posterior horn

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15
Q

What contains unmyelinated axons connecting left and right gray matter

A

Gray Commissure

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16
Q

groups of cell bodies in CNS

A

Nuclei:

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17
Q

Sensory nuclei in posterior horn contain what

A

interneurons

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18
Q

What nuclei receive signals from skin, muscles and joints

site of synapse in posterior horn between somatosensory neurons and the interneurons

A

Somatic sensory nuclei:

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19
Q

What nuclei receive signals from blood vessels, viscera

A

Visceral sensory nuclei:

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20
Q

Motor nuclei in

anterior + lateral horns

contain what neurons?

A

Motor Nuerons

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21
Q

Somatic motor nuclei (anterior) innervate what muscle?

A

skeletal muscle

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22
Q

Autonomic motor nuclei (lateral) innervate what?

A

smooth muscle, heart, glands

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23
Q

Sit between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus

(White matter is organized into three pairs of funiculi)

A

Posterior funiculus

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24
Q

sits between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure

(White matter is organized into three pairs of funiculi)

A

Anterior funiculus

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25
Q

Which pathways transmit ascending information from sensory receptors to the CNS

Spinal pathways are** sensory or motor
**

A

Sensory pathways

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26
Q

Which pathways transmit descending information from the brain to muscles and glands

Spinal pathways are** sensory or motor

A

Motor Pathway

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27
Q

most pathways decussate …. what does that mean?

Common pathway characteristics

A

axons cross midline so brain processes information for contralateral side

uncrossed pathways work on the ipsilateral side of body

decussate = cross

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28
Q

uncrossed pathways work on what side of the body?

Common pathway characteristics

A

ipsilateral side of body

(ipsilateral=same side)

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29
Q

Signals for proprioception, touch, temperature, pressure, pain

(2 Types) of General Sense Receptors = Somatic + Visceral

A

Somatic Sensory:
(Posterior)

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30
Q

located in skin and mucous membranes (monitor “texture”)

(Somatic Sensory: Signals) - Signals for proprioception, touch, temperature, pressure, pain

A

Tactile receptors:

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31
Q

What receptors are located within joints, muscles and tendons which detect stretch and pressure relative to position and movement of the skeleton and skeletal muscles.

(Somatic Sensory: Signals) - Signals for proprioception, touch, temperature, pressure, pain

A

Proprioceptors:

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32
Q

Sensory Pathways use a series of how many neurons to relay signal to brain)

A

2 or 3 neurons to relay signal to brain

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33
Q

Secondary (2nd order is a)

Sensory Pathways (use a series of 2 or 3 neurons to relay signal to brai

primary (1st order) neuron
secondary (2nd order)
tertiary neurons (3rd order neuron)

A

Interneuron

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34
Q
  1. Posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
  2. Anterorlateral pathway
  3. Spinocerebellar pathway

3 major types of what kind of Pathways

A

3 Major Types of Somatosensory Pathways

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35
Q

What pathway
transmits signals of proprioception and tactile receptors (touch, pressure, & vibration) with a 3 neuron chain?

Posterior Funiculus–Medial Lemniscal
Anterolateral (spinothalamic)
Spinocerebellar

A

Posterior Funiculus–Medial Lemniscal pathway

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36
Q

Within the cord, axon is in the posterior funiculus
fasciculus cuneatus (upper limb) or its fasciculus gracilis (lower limb)

In what type of Pathway?

Posterior Funiculus–Medial Lemniscal
Anterolateral (spinothalamic)
Spinocerebellar

A

Posterior Funiculus–Medial Lemniscal pathway

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37
Q

transmits signals of proprioception and tactile receptors (touch, pressure, & vibration) with a 3 neuron chain

Posterior Funiculus–Medial Lemniscal
Anterolateral (spinothalamic)
Spinocerebellar

A

Posterior Funiculus–Medial Lemniscal pathway

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38
Q

transmits stimuli related to crude touch, pressure, pain, and temperature with a three-neuron chain

Posterior Funiculus–Medial Lemniscal
Anterolateral (spinothalamic)
Spinocerebellar

A

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway

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39
Q

primary neuron relays signal from skin to spinal cord

secondary neuron relays signal from spinal cord to thalamus
(anterior spinothalamic tract or the lateral spinothalamic tract)

tertiary neuron relays signal from thalamus to cerebral cortex

Posterior Funiculus–Medial Lemniscal
Anterolateral (spinothalamic)
Spinocerebellar

A

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway

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40
Q

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway

primary neuron relays signal from skin to what

A

spinal cord

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41
Q

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway

secondary neuron relays signal from spinal cord to what

A

thalamus

anterior spinothalamic tract or the lateral spinothalamic tract

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42
Q

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway

tertiary neuron relays signal from thalamus to what

A

cerebral cortex

43
Q

transmits stimuli from proprioceptors to the cerebellum

A

Spinocerebellar pathway

44
Q

axon ascends in either the
anterior spinocerebellar tract (trunk & lower limbs) or
posterior spinocerebellar tract (trunk & upper limbs)

Spinocerebellar pathway/
Anterolateral (spinothalamic) /
Posterior Funiculus–Medial Lemniscal

in what type of pathway

A

Spinocerebellar pathway

45
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway

anterior spinocerebellar tract (trunk & lower or upper limbs)?

A

lower limbs

46
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway

posterior spinocerebellar tract (trunk & lower/upper limbs)

A

upper limbs

47
Q

Motor is ascending or descending?

A

descending

48
Q

What control effectors such as skeletal muscles

A

Motor (descending) pathways

include at least two neurons

49
Q

What pathway includes at least 2 neurons

A

Motor Pathways

  1. Upper motor neuron
  2. Lower motor neuron
50
Q

1/2 Neuron of Motor (descending) pathways

Excite or inhibit lower motor neurons

A

Upper Motor Neurons

51
Q

2/2 Neuron of Motor (descending) pathways

Always excites skeletal muscle

Upper/lower motor neurons

A

Lower Motor Neurons

52
Q

What tract

-decussates (crosses) within medulla’
- innervate limb muscles for skill movements

A

lateral corticospinal tracts

53
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract inervates what for skill movement

A

- innervate limb muscles for skill movements

+crosses within medulla

54
Q

How many Spinal nerves are there

formed from the union of an anterior root and a posterior root - dont need 2 know

A

31

55
Q

anterior root is many axons of motor or sensory neurons

A

Motor

56
Q

posterior root is many axons of motor or sensory neurons

A

Sensory

57
Q

Posterior Ramus and Anterior Ramus are the 2 branches of the

A

Spinal Nerves

58
Q

2 Branches of Spinal Nerves:

A

Posterior Ramus: : innervates the skin and deep muscles of the back

Anterior Ramus: innervates the anterior and lateral portions of the trunk and the limbs

59
Q

What Branch of the Spinal Nerve ?

innervates the skin and deep muscles of the back

Innervate: supply (an organ or other body part) with nerves.

Posterior or anterior ?

A

Posterior Ramus:

60
Q

What Branch of the Spinal Nerve ?

Innervates the anterior and lateral portions of the trunk and the limbs

Innervate: supply (an organ or other body part) with nerves.

A

Anterior Ramus:

61
Q

A segment of skin supplied by single spinal nerve

-Can help localize damage to one or more spinal nerves

A

Dermatomes

62
Q

What can help localize damage to one or more spinal nerves

A

Dermatomes

63
Q

Four main plexuses occur bilaterally:

Plexus: branching network of vessels or nerves.

A

cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus

64
Q

What Plexus is formed Formed from the anterior rami of C1–C4 spinal nerves

A

Cervical Plexus

65
Q

What nerve is formed from rami of C3-C5; innervates the diaphragm

(C3-4-5 keeps the diaphragm alive)

A

Phrenic Nerve:

66
Q

What cervicals keep the Diaphragm alive?

A

(Phremic Nerve)
C3
C4
C5- keep that diagraphm alive

Phrenic Nerves - formed from Rami

67
Q

What Plexus is Formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5–T1.

Extends laterally from the neck into axilla (arm pit).

Innervates anterior and posterior parts of the upper limbs.

Innervate: supply (an organ or other body part) with nerves.

A

Brachial Plexuses

68
Q
  1. Axillary nerve: to deltoid,; sensory input from superolateral arm

2.Median nerve: sensory input from palmar side and dorsal tips of most fingers

3.Musculocutaneous nerve

4.Radial nerve:

  1. Ulnar nerve: two medial fingers .
A

5 major terminal branches of Brachial Plexus

69
Q

5 major terminal branches of Brachial Plexus

What nerve goes into the deltoid

gives sensory input from superolateral arm

A

Axillary Nerve

70
Q

5 major terminal branches of Brachial Plexus

What Nerve gives sensory input from palm and dorsal tips from most fingers (except pinky)

A

Median Nerve

71
Q

5 major terminal branches of Brachial Plexus

Which nerve is responsible for 2 medial fingers

A

Ulnar Nerve

72
Q

Brachial Plexus Injuries

difficulty abducting the arm

A

Axillary nerve injury

73
Q

causes paralysis of extensor muscles of forearm, wrist, fingers

A

Radial nerve injury:

74
Q

injury that may be compressed in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Median nerve injury

75
Q

What plexus is Formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1–L4.

A

Lumbar Plexuses

76
Q

Nerves from Lumbar Plexus

What Nerve innervates anterior thigh muscles

A

Femoral nerve

77
Q

Nerves from Lumbar Plexus

innervates medial thigh muscles

A

Obturator nerve:

78
Q

What Plexus is Formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves L4–S4.

A

Sacral Plexuses

79
Q

What injury may be caused by herniated intervertebral disc
characterized by extreme pain down posterior thigh and leg

A

Sciatica (injury to sciatic nerve):

80
Q

What is Sciatica caused by? Characterized by what?

A

intervertebral disc
characterized by extreme pain down posterior thigh and leg

81
Q

What is a rapid, preprogrammed involuntary responses of muscles or glands to a stimulus.

A

Reflex

82
Q

Is a Reflex volunatary or Involuntary?

A

Involuntary

83
Q

1.A stimulus activates a sensory receptor

  1. The sensory neuron transmits a nerve signal to the CNS
  2. Information is processed by interneurons

4.Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector

5.Effector responds

A

5 Steps of Reflex

84
Q

What are the 5 Steps of a Reflex?

A

1.A stimulus activates a sensory receptor
​
2. The sensory neuron transmits a nerve signal to the CNS
​
3. Information is processed by interneurons
​
4.Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector
​
5.Effector responds

85
Q

sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons

monosynaptic or polysynaptic:?

A

monosynaptic

86
Q

One or more interneurons positioned between sensory and motor neurons

monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

A

polysynaptic

87
Q

receptor and effector are on the

  1. same side of the body
  2. opposite sides

ipsilateral or contralateral:

A

Both

88
Q

These are What kind of Reflexes?

  1. Stretch reflex
  2. Golgi tendon reflex
  3. Withdrawal reflex
  4. Crossed-extensor reflex
A

4 Common Spinal Reflexes

89
Q

Reflexive contraction of a muscle after it is stretched
Stretch (or tendon tap) is detected by a muscle spindle

These are What kind of Reflexes?

Stretch reflex
Golgi tendon reflex
Withdrawal reflex
Crossed-extensor reflex

A

Stretch reflex

90
Q

Stretch reflex: step 2

When stretched, what fires impulses that are conducted to the spinal cord

A

spindle’s sensory axon

91
Q

Stretch reflex: step 2

When stretched, spindle’s sensory axon fires what?

that are conducted to what part of the body?

A

impulses that are conducted to the spinal cord

92
Q

Stretch reflex:

In spinal cord, the sensory axon excites alpha motor neurons of the same muscle, causing what?

A

contraction (monosynaptic)

93
Q

Stretch reflex:

Are Contractions monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

A

monosynaptic

94
Q

Stretch reflex: step 5

Simultaneously, the sensory axon excites interneurons that inhibit motor neurons of antagonist muscle

monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

A

(polysynaptic reciprocal inhibition)

Step 5

95
Q

Which reflex Prevents muscles from contracting excessively

Golgi tendon organs detect excessive tension

What kind of Reflexes?

Stretch reflex
Golgi tendon reflex
Withdrawal reflex
Crossed-extensor reflex

A

Golgi tendon reflex

96
Q

What detects excessive tension

A

Golgi tendon organs

97
Q

What inhibit motor neurons of same muscle

+ prevents damage

A

Golgi tendon reflex

98
Q

Golgi tendon reflex

Which Reflex
Withdraws a body part away from a painful stimulus

A

Withdrawal reflex

99
Q

Simultaneously, other interneurons reciprocally inhibit motor neurons of extensors (antagonist) so that extensor muscles (e.g., quadriceps) relax and withdrawal happens quickly

A

Withdrawal reflex

100
Q

Which reflex
Allows the opposite side limb to support body weight while the hurt limb withdraws

A

Crossed-extensor reflex

101
Q

Reflex testing

: diminished or absent;

Hypoactive reflexes or Hyperactive reflexes:

May indicate damage to spinal cord, or muscle disease, or damage to neuromuscular junction

A

Hypoactive reflexes

102
Q

abnormally strong response

Hypoactive reflexes or Hyperactive reflexes:

May indicate damage to brain or spinal cord, especially if accompanied by clonus

A

Hyperactive reflex:

103
Q

May indicate damage to spinal cord, or muscle disease, or damage to neuromuscular junction

Hypoactive reflexes or Hyperactive reflexes:

A

Hypoactive reflexes

104
Q

May indicate damage to brain or spinal cord, especially if accompanied by clonus

Hypoactive reflexes or Hyperactive reflexes:

A

Hyperactive reflex

A&P (18 decks)

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