Chapter 13: Brain + Spinal Cord Flashcards
4 Parts of the Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem (3 parts)
Diencephalon
CCBD
3 Subparts of Brain Stem
midbrain
medulla oblongata
pons
folds of brain tissue
gyri
the shallow depressions between folds of brain tissue
sulci
The deeper grooves
fissures
Cranial meninges (From deep to superficial)
- Pia mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Dura mater:
(PAD)
inner most
thin layer of areolar CT
Pia mater
external to pia mater
subarachnoid space fill with CSF
made of a web of collagen and elastic fibers
Arachnoid mater
tough outer membrane
Dura mater
Located on midline and projects into longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres
Falx cerebri
(“tent” over the cerebellum)
separates occipital and temporal lobes from cerebellum
Tentorium cerebelli
What does the Tentorium cerebelli seperate?
Cerebellum from Occipital + Temporal
separates the left and right cerebellar hemispheres
Falx cerebelli
Provides Buoyancy
protects CNS by providing a liquid cushion
keeps CNS environment stable (helps transport nutrients and wastes)
Cerebrospinal Fluid
What Reduces Brains weight?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
What does Buoyancy do?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
What protects CNS by providing a liquid cushion
Cerebrospinal Fluid
keeps CNS environment stable (helps transport nutrients and wastes)
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Cerebrospinal Fluid is formed by
what is it made of ?
choroid plexus-
layer of ependymal cells and blood capillaries
layer of ependymal cells and blood capillaries (choroid plexus) layers the what?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
The choroid plexus forms what
(made of ependymal cells and blood capillaries)
Cerebrospinal Fluid
origin of all complex intellectual functions
Cerebrum
Cerebral Hemispheres:
What do White matter tracts connect?
(at a few locations)
Hemispheres
corpus callosum: largest tract providing connection between them
What is the largest tract providing connection between Hemispheres?
corpus callosum
5 Lobes of the Cerebrum
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
functions
Motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, personality
Frontal
functions: general sensory
parietal
functions: hearing and smelling
temporal
functions: vision and visual memories
occipital
functions: memory and sense of taste
insula
What Cortex?
Located within occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex
vision and visual memories
located within temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex
located within temporal lobe
….cortex (smell)
…cortex
….association area
primary olfactory cortex (smell)
primary auditory cortex
auditory association area
HEARING + SMELL
located within temporal lobe
provides conscious awareness of smells
Primary olfactory cortex
located within insula
involved in processing taste information
primary gustatory cortex
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The central white matter contains three major groups of axons:
(Tracts)
projection tracts
association tracts
commissural tracts
The central white matter contains three major groups of axons: 1/3
connect regions of cerebral cortex within SAME hemisphere
Association tracts
The central white matter contains three major groups of axons: 1/3
commissures connect regions in different hemispheres
commissural tracts
The central white matter contains three major groups of axons: 2/3
link cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord
Projection tracts
Specialized for language abilities, functions in categorization and analysis
Categorical hemisphere (usually the left)
Cerebral Lateralization
specialized for language abilities, functions in categorization and analysis
Categorical hemisphere/ Respresentational hemisphere
Categorical hemisphere (usually the left)
concerned with visuospatial relationships, imagination, comparison of senses
Categorical hemisphere/ Respresentational hemisphere
Representational hemisphere (usually the right)
Left -
Right -
Categorical hemisphere/ Respresentational hemisphere
Left - Categorical hemisphere
Right -Representational hemisphere
What Nucleus is this in?
lentiform nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
amygdaloid body (amygdala)
Caudate nucleus
Expanded region at tail of caudate nucleus
functions in mood, emotions
Amygdaloid body (amygdala)
Composition of epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
diencephalon
Pineal gland and habenular nuclei
makes up what
epithalamus
Epithalamus:
endocrine gland secreting melatonin
helps regulate day-night cycles, circadian rhythm
Pineal gland
Part of epithalamus:
Helps relay signals from limbic system to midbrain
Habenular nuclei
receives signals from all conscious senses except olfaction
Thalamus
-Control of endocrine system
-Regulation of body temperature
-Emotional behavior
part of limbic system; controls emotional responses (pleasure, fear, etc.)
-Sleep-wake rhythms
superchiasmatic nucleus directs pineal gland to secrete melatonin, regulates circadian rhythms.
Hypothalamus
Emotional behavior is apart of what system
Limbic system
part of Hypothalamus:
What directs pineal gland to secrete melatonin, regulates circadian rhythms.
superchiasmatic nucleus
The brainstem is composed of the
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
makes up what
brainstem
Part of the midbrain:
What houses neurons producing dopamine
substantia nigra
Midbrain:
what controls visual reflexes and traction
superior colliculi
What controls auditory reflexes
inferior colliculi
The pons contains what type of nuclei
superior olivary nuclei-
(helps with sound localization
What helps with sound localization?
superior olivary nuclei
Located in the Pons*
superior olivary nuclei is in what
The Pons
helps with sound localization
helps with sound localization
What has convoluted surface with “folia” (folds)
Cerebellar cortex
Part of Cerebellum
outer gray matter
Cerebellar cortex: outer gray matter
Arbor vitae: internal region of white matter
Deep cerebellar: nuclei of gray matter
Three Regions of Cerebellum
In what region of the Cerebellum is there **outer gray matter **
Cerebellar cortex:
In what region of the Cerebellum is there
internal region of white matter
Arbor vitae:
In what region of the Cerebellum is there
nuclei of gray matter
Deep cerebellar
What coordinates and fine-tunes movements
Cerebellum
What coordinates and fine-tunes movements
-Ensures muscle activity follows correct pattern
-Adjusts movements initiated by cerebrum, ensuring smoothness
Cerebellum
The emotional brain
Limbic System
composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that process and experience emotions
Limbic System
“emotional system”
Cingulate gyrus:
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdaloid body:
is apart of what ?
Limbic System
What part of the Limbic System helps for long term memories?
hippocampus
In Reticular Formation:
What is the Sensory Component =
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
processes sensory information, sends signals to cortex to bring about alertness (e.g. alarm clock)
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Interconnected component of Limbic System
cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus