Chapter 3: : Energy, Chemical Reactions, & Cellular Respiration Flashcards
What are Decomposition Reactions
Large molecule breaks down into smaller molecules
AB –> A + B
Catobolistic Reactions: All decomposition reactions in the body
Hydrolysis: water is used to break bonds and and release energy
What are Synthesis Reactions ?
2 or more reactants combine to form a single product.
dehydration synthesis (A + B → AB)
Anabolism: All Synthesis Reactions in the body
Catobolistic Reactions are all ____ Reactions in the body
Decomposition
Break down (AB —> A + B) cats break down things
*Hydrolysis: ( Water splitting) Sucrose —-> Glucose + Fructose
What are the Function of Enzymes?
active catalysts that increase reaction rates by lowering activation energy
Protein molecules that function as organic catalysts
When electrons are transferred from one chemical structure to another
Oxidation Reduction
OIL RIG
structure that loses an electron is ________
structure that gains an electron is _________
- structure that loses and electron is “oxidized”
- structure that gains an electron is “reduced”
OIL RIG
What 4 Stages of Glucose Oxidation: (GICE)
Glycolysis: occurs in cytosol (no oxygen required)
Intermediate stage
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron transport system
What is Glycolysis?
Splitting of Glucose (Sugar)
Metabolic pathway that uses ten enzymes
Occurs within the cytosol, doesnt require oxygen
Total # ATP produced from the complete breakdown of glucose
38
The formation of a dipeptide from 2 amino acids is an example of what reaction?
Synthesis
Build up ( A +B —> AB)
Oxidation occurs when a molecule ____ an electron
Loses
OIL RIG
Which word describes the synthesis reactions in the body?
Anabolism
Build up (A+ B —> AB)
When a molecule or ion gains an electron during a reaction, it is said to have been…….
Reduced
OIL RIG
A substance that binds to an enzyme to stop its action is called a(n ________
( prevent enzymatic catalysis )
inhibitor
Which is the optimal pH range for most human enzymes?
6-8
How are metabolic pathways usually regulated?
Negative Feedback
The presence of an ____ lowers the activation energy required to start the reaction.
Enzyme
v
Enzyme ___________ bind to an enzyme to turn it off, thus preventing it from catalyzing a reaction.
inhibitor
(competitive and noncompetitive)
The step-by-step breakdown of glucose to release energy for the synthesis of ATP is _________ oxidiation
Glucose
A multistep process in which organic molecules like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are broken down to extract energy for ATP production is called________
Cellullar respiration.
Does Glycolysis require oxygen?
No, it does not require oxygen
What is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be produced during the oxidation of one glucose molecule?
38
The reaction rate is dependent upon:
increase the concentration of substrate/enzyme
temperature:
3-D shape of enzyme dependent on temperature
severe increases in temperature cause protein denaturation & lose their function
pH
enzymes function best at optimal pH (usually between 6 and 8)
Where does glucose occur
Cytosol
What prevents enzymatic catalysis ? It
Inhibitor
hydrolysis is what type of reaction?
(Break down of water)
decomposition reactions
do not resemble substrate
bind a site other than active site (allosteric site)
also called allosteric inhibitors
not influenced by concentration of substrate
noncompetitive inhibitors
(alloristic inhibitor)
resembles substrate and binds to active site of enzyme
compete for occupation of active site
increase substrate and competitive inhibitor less likely to occupy site
increase inhibitor and more likely it will occupy active site
competitive inhibitors
product from metabolic pathway acts as an
allosteric inhibitor
Break down of water
Hydrolysis - decomposition reaction
Glycosis is a Metabolic pathway that uses how many enzymes?
10
Protein molecules that function as organic catalysts
Enzymes
Example of a metabolic pathway
Glycosis - decomposition
