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A&P > Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

-Collects information through receptors and sensory input
-processes and evaluates information
-Initiates response to information

A

General Functions of the Nervous System

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2
Q

General Functions of the Nervous System

A

-Collects information through receptors and sensory input
-processes and evaluates information
-Initiates response to information

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3
Q

What does the Nervous system collect information through?

A

receptors and sensory input

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4
Q

receptors detect stimuli and…..

General Functions of the Nervous System 1/3:

Collects information through receptors and sensory input

A

send sensory signals to spinal cord and brain

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5
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Detect stimuli

-Send sensory signals to

(to spinal cord and brain)

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6
Q

brain and spinal cord send motor output via nerves to what?

General Functions of the Nervous System 3 /3: initiates response to information

A

effectors (muscles or glands)

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7
Q

What are some examples effectors

*brain and spinal cord send motor output via nerves to effectors

General Functions of the Nervous System 3 /3: initiates response to information

A

muscles or gland

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8
Q

Structural organization of Nervous System

what 2 systems and what are those systems made of?

A

central nervous system (CNS) = brain + spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS) = nerves + glangia

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9
Q

central nervous system (CNS) =

Structural organization of Nervous System

A

brain + spinal cord

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10
Q

Afferent nervous system =

cary into

Afferent neurons carry information from

sensory receptors of skin/ organs ——> central nervous system

A

Sensory nervous system

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11
Q

Is it a a Sensory Nervous System or Motor?

Efferent nervous system

(away from something)

efferent neurons carry motor information AWAY

from the CNS ——-> muscles and glands of the body.

A

Motor nervous system

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12
Q

2 Sensory System under Sensory nervous system

A

Somatic-detects stimuli we consciously perceive

Visceral- detects stimuli we typically do not perceive
(ex:) signals from the heart or kidneys

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13
Q

Under Sensory Nervous System

detects stimuli we consciously perceive

A

Somatic Sensory Sytem

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14
Q

detects stimuli we typically do not perceive

(ex:) signals from the heart or kidneys

A

Visceral Sensory System

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15
Q

2 Systems under Motor nervous system

A

Somatic motor system - sends voluntary signals to skeletal muscles

Autonomic motor system- (visceral motor) sends involuntary commands to heart, smooth muscle, and glands

(Has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions)

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16
Q

What motor system sends voluntary signals to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic motor system

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17
Q

Under What Motor System?

(visceral motor) sends involuntary commands to heart, smooth muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic motor system

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18
Q

What has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

Autonomic motor system- (visceral motor) sends involuntary commands to heart, smooth muscle, and glands

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19
Q

: a collection of axons that are wrapped in connective tissue

A

Nerves

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20
Q

connective tissue wrappings of Nerves

what encloses the entire nerve

A

Epineurium

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21
Q

What ensheaths the fascicles of axons

A

Perineurium

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22
Q

What wraps each axon (and its surrounding neurolemmocyte

A

Endoneurium

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23
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

cell body (soma)
cytoplasm (perikaryon)
dendrites
axon

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24
Q

What Part of the Neuron?

(receive input and transfer it to cell body)

A

dendrites

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25
Q

Soma is also known as

A

cell body

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26
Q

perikaryon is also known as

A

cytoplasm

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27
Q

multipolar: many dendrites, one axon extend from soma (most common type)

bipolar: one dendrite and one axon extend from soma

unipolar: one axon extends from soma

anaxonic: have dendrites but no axons

A

Structural Classification of Neurons

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28
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

many dendrites, one axon extend from soma (most common type)

A

multipolar

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29
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

one dendrite and one axon extend from soma

A

bipolar

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30
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

one axon extends from soma

A

unipolar

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30
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

Have dendrites but no axons

A

anaxonic:

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31
Q

most common type Structural Classification of Neurons

A

multipolar- many dendrites, one axon extend from soma

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32
Q

sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
motor neurons (efferent neurons)
interneurons (association neurons)

A

Functional classification of Neurons

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33
Q

Functional classification of Neurons

(afferent neurons) =
(efferent neurons)=
(association neurons)=

A

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)- cary into

**motor neurons **(efferent neurons)- carry out

**interneurons (association neurons)

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34
Q

Functional classification of Neurons

What make up 99% of our neurons

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

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35
Q

Also known as neuroglia

A

Glial Cells

(1/2 Types of Cells in nervous system)

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36
Q

nerves contain sensory neurons sending signals to CNS

A

sensory Nerve

Afferent

Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord)

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37
Q

nerves contain motor neurons sending signals from CNS

A

Motor Nerves

efferent neurons carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body.

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38
Q

What type of nerve contains both sensory and motor neurons

A

mixed nerves

39
Q

glial cells are found in what type of system?

A

Nervous System

40
Q

Four types of glial cells within the central nervous system include

A

-astrocytes
-ependymal cells
-microglia
-oligodendrocytes

41
Q

most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system

A

astrocytes

help form blood-brain barrier by wrapping perivascular feet around brain capillaries

42
Q

What glial cell help form blood-brain barrier by wrapping perivascular feet around brain capillaries

A

astrocytes

43
Q

astrocytes help form blood-brain barrier by doing what?

A

wrapping perivascular feet around brain capillaries

44
Q

What glial cell has:

-phagocytic cells of immune system that engulf infectious agents

-Remove debris from damaged CNS tissue

A

microglia

glial cells within the central nervous system

45
Q

What glial cell remove debris from damaged CNS tissue

46
Q

extensions wrap around axons of neurons forming myelin sheath
myelin insulation allows for faster action potential propagation

Is what type of glial cell in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

47
Q

oligodendrocytes have a myelin insulation that allows for what

A

faster action potential propagation

48
Q

Two types of glial cells within the peripheral nervous system

A

neurolemmocytes
satellite cells

48
Q

1/2 types of glial cells within the peripheral nervous system

arranged around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion
protect the neuron cell bodies located in the ganglia

A

Satellite cells

49
Q

Where are Neuron bodies located?

A

Ganglia

Satellite Cells help protect nueron cell bodies located in the ganglia

50
Q

2/2 types of glial cells within the peripheral nervous system

Ensheath PNS axons with myelin
myelin allows for faster action potential propagation

A

Neurolemmocytes

51
Q

the process by which part of an axon is wrapped and insulated with myelin.

A

Myelination

51
Q

in PNS the glia (that myelinate) are

Peripheral: nerves + ganglia

A

Neurolemmocytes

51
Q

What does Myelin Insulate?

Myelination

52
Q

In CNS the glia (that myelinate) are

Central: Brain + Spinal Cord

A

Oligodendrocytes

53
Q

How many gates does Voltage- gated sodium channels have?

How many states can they be in?

A

2 gates

3 States

54
Q

3 states of Voltage gated Sodium Channels

A

resting (closed)
activation (open)
inactivation (closed)

55
Q

Activation gate closed

Inactivation gate opens

-Entry of Na+ prevented

A

resting (closed)

56
Q

Activation gate opens (due to voltage change)

inactivation gate opens

Na+ moves through channel

Activation/ Inactivation/ Resting

A

Activation (open)

57
Q

Activation gate open;

inactivation gate closed

Entry of Na+ prevented

This state lasts a short time – the channel quickly resets to resting state

Activation/ Inactivation/ Resting

A

inactivation (closed)

58
Q

which 2 states occur the entry of Na + are prevented?

Activation/ Inactivation/ Resting

A

Resting +

Inactivation

59
Q

More K+ in cytosol

More Na+ in interstitial fluid

Resting membrane potential (RMP), average is –70 mV.

A

Characteristics of resting neurons

59
Q

This state lasts a short time – the channel quickly resets to resting state

Activation/ Inactivation/ Resting

A

Inactivation

59
Q

Characteristics of resting neurons

K+ is more concentrated in the

A

Cystosol (compared to interstitial fluid)

60
Q

Na+ is more concentrated in the

A

Interstitial fluid (compared to the than in the cystosol)

60
Q

resting membrane potential (RMP), is how many mV.

60
Q

Electrical + Chemical gradients between two areas

A

Electrochemical gradients

60
Q

does K+ diffuse IN or OUT of the cell

60
Q

if K+ were the only ion that leaked…

A

RMP would be where K+ concentration is.
& electrical gradients are at equilibrium (-90 mV)

61
Q

RMP would be where K+ concentration is if

A

K+ were the only ion that leaked…

61
Q

electrical gradients are at equilibrium (-90 mV) if

A

K+ were the only ion that leaked…

61
Q

Na+ diffuses IN or OUT due to its concentration gradient and the electrical gradient

61
Q

Na+ diffuses IN due to

A

its concentration gradient and the electrical gradient

61
Q

this small Na+ leakage means RMP is what

(Less or more negative)
At what mv?)

A

less negative (so it is -70 mV)

61
Q

This small Na+ leakage means RMP is less negative

what mV?

61
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are what

A

depolarizations caused by Na+ entry

62
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are depolaerizations caused by what

63
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are

A

hyperpolarizations caused by cation exit or anion entry

64
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are hyperpolarizations caused by

A

cation exit or anion entry
​

65
Q

multiple locations on cell’s receptive regions receive neurotransmitter simultaneously and generate postsynaptic potentials.

A

Spatial summation

66
Q

a single presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitter and produces multiple EPSPs within a very short period of time

A

temporal summation:

67
Q

Continuous conduction occurs on what type of axons

myelinated or unmyelinated ?

A

unmyelinated axons

68
Q

Saltatory conduction occurs on what type of axons

myelinated or unmyelinated ?

A

myelinated axons

69
Q

Saltatory conduction occurs if the axon is myelinated

action potential occurs only at ____

what type of node?

A

neurofibril nodes

70
Q

conduction speed depends on what ?

A

axon thickness and myelination

71
Q

What fiber conducts faster ? Thin or Thick?

A

thicker fibers conduct faster

72
Q

What fiber conducts faster ?

myelinated fibers or unmyelinated ?

A

myelinated fibers conduct faste

73
Q

Interneurons are organized into what?

classified into how many types?

A

neuronal pools,

and are classified into 4 types

4 Types:

Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge

74
Q

input converges at a single postsynaptic neuron
E.g. sight, sounds, and smells of cooking lead one output: salivation

Four types of circuits:

Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge

A

Converging

75
Q

E.g. sight, sounds, and smells of cooking lead one output: salivation

Four types of circuits:

Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge

A

Converging

input converges at a single postsynaptic neuron

76
Q

Spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons

Ex: neurons in the brain that control walking send commands to several different muscles form proper balance, posture, and motion

Four types of circuits:

Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge

77
Q

Ex: neurons in the brain that control walking send commands to several different muscles form proper balance, posture, and motion

Four types of circuits:

Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge

A

Diverging

Spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons

78
Q

use feedback to produce repeated, cyclical activity
E.g. circuits that keep us breathing regularly during sleep

Four types of circuits:

Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge

A

Reverberating

79
Q

Ex: circuits that keep us breathing regularly during sleep

Four types of circuits:

Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge

A

Reverberating

use feedback to produce repeated, cyclical activity

80
Q

Input transmitted simultaneously along several paths to a postsynaptic cell

Believed to be involved in higher-order thinking

Four types of circuits:

Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge

A

parallel-after-discharge

A&P (18 decks)

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