Chapter 7: diets, functional foods Flashcards
The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans present 3 options for healthy eating patterns at 12 different calorie levels:
- Healthy US Style Eating Pattern
- Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern
- Healthy Mediterranean Style Eating Pattern
*When used, these increase functional foods
Define “functional food”
Whole foods OR fortified, enriched, enhanced foods that have potential beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis
Typically provides benefit beyond energy, nutrients (i.e. phytochemicals), other bioactive compounds
Define Nutraceutical
Define Phytochemical
Sometimes used interchangeably. “Functional foods” can be categorized under either
Nutraceutical - food or parts of foods with health benefits and the ability to treat disease
Phytochemical - chemicals within plants that have medicinal properties
*these are the compounds that could impact carcinogenesis
Only ______% cancers are d/t genetic errors, while most are influenced mainly by modifiable risk factors
10
______% of Americans have an eating pattern low in fruits, vegetables, and dairy
80%
More than half the population is meeting or exceeding _______ food and _____ food recommendations.
Grain, protein
Food manufacturers are adding _____ ______ ______ flour to products to increase whole grain content
Fermented brown rice flour
Define “Resistant Starch”
A prebiotic - doesn’t get digested in the small intestine, thus ferments in the gut to feed probiotics
______ _______ flour can be added to flour/other products to prevent DNA damage in cells and move foods through the GI tract faster (which reduces colon cancer risk)
Green banana
What are 8 sources of resistant starch?
- Banana (content drops as they ripen)
- Legumes
- Beans
- Brown rice
- Quinoa
- Lentils
- Raw oats
- Raw potato starch
Resistant starch recommendations for physiological benefits versus actual consumption by Americans
6g/meal versus 5g/day
*very difficult to achieve with Western diet
_______ is the best non-fish source of omega-3 fatty acids in the form of a-linolenic acid
Flaxseed
_______ is quite similar to soy in regard to phytoestrogen properties & amino acid profile
Flaxseed
Lignan is a component of ______ fiber found in flax which has ____________ properties
Insoluble
Phytoestrogen
Gut microbes ferment dietary fiber, resistant starch, and B glucan to produce ____________
SCFA (such as Butyrate)
Chicory root is one of the best sources of __________-______ _______, which through fermentation in the LI creates SCFA
Inulin-like fructans
Benefits of inulin as a functional food ingredient
Improves glucose tolerance, promotes bowel regularity, improves absorption of Mg & Ca, increases healthy bacteria in the gut while reducing pathogenic sources
Approximately ______% of starch in oats is resistant starch and they also contain ______________ (provides antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties)
25%
Avenathramides
Algae is already used as a thickening agent in food, but nutrient benefits include high quality ______________ & source of ___________
Protein (similar to eggs)
Omega-3 fats (provides both DHA & EPA)
T/F: Cancer patients are more likely to use dietary supplements than the general population
True (20% americans, 23% cancer patients)
Though <25% recommendations from supplements come from healthcare providers
Define dietary supplement
products taken PO that provide ingredients intended to supplement the diet; may include vitamins & minerals, herbals & botanical products, amino acids, and other nutritive dietary substances
There is a lot of overlapping agencies that participate in regulating supplements
- Regulated by (2)
- Enforcement of regulation (2)
- Monitors (but does not regulate) (2)
- Regulated by the FDA & FTC (federal trade commission)
- State Attorney Generals Office & Department of Justice
- CDC
The burden of taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement is assigned to the ________________
FDA
Consumers can report adverse affects associated with dietary supplements to the __________ ________ Program
FDA Medwatch Program
(Though poison control gets many more calls)
These 3 supplements have been banned in the USA d/t serious liver toxicity
- Chaparral (Larrea tridentate)
- Ephedra sinica
- Comfrey (symphytum)
This supplement is unsafe d/t liver toxicity but still available in the US
Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal)
*LiverTox website for more info
______% of supplement users engage in potentially harmful supplement use
(i.e. beta carotene & smoking, vitamin e and anticoag/platets, phytoestrogen w/ hormone dependent cancer treatments)
18%
______% of pharmaceuticals are derived from plants
40%
The _______________ enzyme system is important to drug metabolism, particularly w/ detoxification
Diet supplements may influence the activity of these enzymes
Cytochrome p-450 (CYP)
T/F: Dietary supplements are required to undergo premarket evaluation
False, this is why adverse side effects may not be recognized until reported by consumers
Hypericum perforatum (St Johns Wort) may reduce concentrations of some drugs including _______ & ________
Imatinib & Irinotecan
These 4 herbal products may interfere with cytochrome p-450 substrates
- St Johns Wort
- Garlic
- Ginseng
- Ginko balboa
*Milk thistle is of concern but has not been shown in human studies
These are the only 4 botanical supplements shown to cause drug-nutrient interactions
- St John’s Wort
- Goldenseal
- Echinacea
- Garlic
Supplements providing _____% DV are safe/likely adequate for healthy people, but important to evaluate the needs of the individual for those with cancer
100%
Explain why healthy cells tend to do OK with antioxidant supplements but cancer cells do not
Cancer cells have higher levels of oxidative stress than normal cells. This creates more ROS (reduced oxygen species)
Antioxidants cancel out these ROS to create balance, thus becoming dependent on antioxidants. This balanced environment allows them to grow/develop.
Research on antioxidant supplements during cancer treatment
Very mixed. May protect healthy cells and reduce side effects BUT this may reduce the effectiveness of treatment.
Likely depends on the type of cancer, mechanism of treatment, and the antioxidant itself
Recommendations for antioxidant supplements
Use with GREAT caution. Should probably avoid d/t potential for tumor protection and reduced survival
Grant leeway for those undergoing palliative regimens
