Chapter 24: Prostate Cancer Flashcards
Metabolically, prostate cancer has been linked to ________ hormones that stimulate prostate cancer growth
Androgen
More than 95% of prostate cancers originate within the _________ cells
mucous secreting
(adenocarcinoma)
While the 5 year survival rate for all men with prostate cancer is almost 98%, it’s ______ for metastatic
30%
Chronic inflammation and increased levels of ______ & ______ have been linked to the development of prostate cancer
IGF-1 & COX-2
Risk factors for prostate cancer:
age-
location -
race in US-
Age > 65 y/o
North America & Europe
Black men in USA
*strong genetic/family hx component
PSA may be elevated with…
prostate cancer, inflammation, infection, post-biopsy, benign prostate hyperplasia
Prostate cancer is staged w/ TNM system and graded using _______ score
Gleason, how likely to spread
Describes differentiated
<6 = better differentiated
>6 = poorly differentiated
Role of coffee, tea, soy on prostate cancer risk
Decreases
Is alcohol linked with prostate cancer? Smoking?
Alcohol no
Smoking yes
Dairy and eggs on prostate cancer risk?
Excessive intake may increase (choline in eggs)
Components of plant-based diet that prevent against prostate cancer (4)
Isothiocyanates & indoles in cruciferous vegetables
Organosulfur compounds in allium vegetables
Genestein in soy
Lycopene (a caroteinoid) mostly found in tomatoes, absorption improves when cooked in oil
Treatment options for stage 1 or 2 prostate cancer (3)
Active surveillance (older men with less aggressive tumors), surgery, radiation (also used with more advanced)
Side effects of prostate surgery & radiation
Infertility, urinary & bowel problems, ED
What is ADT?
Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) - reduces androgen levels in blood or blocks androgen receptors either through medication or removal of testes
What is removal of the testes called?
Orchiectomy
What is hormone resistant prostate cancer?
Will grow even when androgen levels are very low
5 options for treatment of advanced prostate cancer
- Chemotherapy
- ADT
- Radiation.
- Immunotherapy **hormone resistant prostate cancer
- Combo
What is the name of the immunotherapy agent used for hormone resistant prostate cancer & side effects?
Sipuleucel-T
Chills, fever, headache, myalgia, sweating (flu-like symptoms)
Link with Western diets on prostate cancer?
Increases testosterone levels which increases risk for hormone-sensitive
TYPE of fats are more important than total fats consumed
High intake of saturated fats from animal meats and milk on the western diet
Desire better ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 fats
Link between calcium and prostate cancer
High calcium intake (>/= 1500 mg/day) associated with increased risk
(studies usually evaluating people with high volumes of whole milk)
SELECT study
Increased risk for prostate cancer with vitamin E & selenium supplementation
MVI meeting 100% RDA is OK
Micronutrient ________ is found in prostate cancer cells and egg yolks
Choline
T/F: Greater body fatness is strongly associated with advanced prostate cancer
True and wt gain post-prostatectomy is linked with increased mortality
Blend of these types of probiotics during radiation to the prostate radiation WITH pelvic floor therapy may help to reduce gas/diarrhea from treatment
Lactobacillus & bifidobacteria
6 nutrition-related side effects from ADT
- Decreased insulin sensitivity
- Hot flashes
- Anemia
- HLD
- Sarconemia
- Bone loss
MNT for hot flashes
maintain a healthy weight, add moderate aerobic exercise, limit hot beverages, spicy food. alcohol, caffeine, smoking
MNT for sarcopenia (2)
- Resistance exercise 2-3x/week
- Adequate protein/supplementation
MNT for bone loss (3)
- Weight-baring exercise 2-3x/week
- 1000-1200 mg calcium
- Adequate vitamin D (>30 in blood), 600 IU PO
PA guidelines for prostate cancer survivors
At least 30 minutes/day
3 hours/week of vigorous has been shown to reduce recurrence and mortality more than moderate
Advice for prostate cancer survivors:
-Cruciferous veg:
-Lycopene-rich foods
-Poultry:
-Eggs :
-Fish
-Dairy:
-at least 1 serving/day
-daily
-unprocessed without the skin
-2 egg yolks per week
-2 servings/day
-limit, especially whole milk and opt for more non-dairy calcium sources
Advice for prostate cancer survivors:
-Sat fat
-Calcium
-Vit D
-Omegas
-<6% kcal
-1000-1200 mg/day, dont exceed 1500
-600-800, dont exceed 4000
-Limit omega 6, include cold water fish 2x/week for omega 3), include omega 9 daily
Advice for prostate cancer survivors:
-Flaxseed:
-Soy:
-Green tea:
2T daily
Whole soy foods regularly
1 cup or more daily
