Chapter 24: Prostate Cancer

Question 1

Metabolically, prostate cancer has been linked to ________ hormones that stimulate prostate cancer growth

Answer 1

Androgen

Question 2

More than 95% of prostate cancers originate within the _________ cells

Answer 2

mucous secreting
(adenocarcinoma)

Question 3

While the 5 year survival rate for all men with prostate cancer is almost 98%, it’s ______ for metastatic

Answer 3

30%

Question 4

Chronic inflammation and increased levels of ______ & ______ have been linked to the development of prostate cancer

Answer 4

IGF-1 & COX-2

Question 5

Risk factors for prostate cancer:
age-
location -
race in US-

Answer 5

Age > 65 y/o
North America & Europe
Black men in USA

*strong genetic/family hx component

Question 6

PSA may be elevated with…

Answer 6

prostate cancer, inflammation, infection, post-biopsy, benign prostate hyperplasia

Question 7

Prostate cancer is staged w/ TNM system and graded using _______ score

Answer 7

Gleason, how likely to spread

Describes differentiated
<6 = better differentiated
>6 = poorly differentiated

Question 8

Role of coffee, tea, soy on prostate cancer risk

Answer 8

Decreases

Question 9

Is alcohol linked with prostate cancer? Smoking?

Answer 9

Alcohol no
Smoking yes

Question 10

Dairy and eggs on prostate cancer risk?

Answer 10

Excessive intake may increase (choline in eggs)

Question 11

Components of plant-based diet that prevent against prostate cancer (4)

Answer 11

Isothiocyanates & indoles in cruciferous vegetables

Organosulfur compounds in allium vegetables

Genestein in soy

Lycopene (a caroteinoid) mostly found in tomatoes, absorption improves when cooked in oil

Question 12

Treatment options for stage 1 or 2 prostate cancer (3)

Answer 12

Active surveillance (older men with less aggressive tumors), surgery, radiation (also used with more advanced)

Question 13

Side effects of prostate surgery & radiation

Answer 13

Infertility, urinary & bowel problems, ED

Question 14

What is ADT?

Answer 14

Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) - reduces androgen levels in blood or blocks androgen receptors either through medication or removal of testes

Question 15

What is removal of the testes called?

Answer 15

Orchiectomy

Question 16

What is hormone resistant prostate cancer?

Answer 16

Will grow even when androgen levels are very low

Question 17

5 options for treatment of advanced prostate cancer

Answer 17

1. Chemotherapy
2. ADT
3. Radiation.
4. Immunotherapy **hormone resistant prostate cancer
5. Combo

Question 18

What is the name of the immunotherapy agent used for hormone resistant prostate cancer & side effects?

Answer 18

Sipuleucel-T

Chills, fever, headache, myalgia, sweating (flu-like symptoms)

Question 19

Link with Western diets on prostate cancer?

Answer 19

Increases testosterone levels which increases risk for hormone-sensitive

TYPE of fats are more important than total fats consumed

High intake of saturated fats from animal meats and milk on the western diet

Desire better ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 fats

Question 20

Link between calcium and prostate cancer

Answer 20

High calcium intake (>/= 1500 mg/day) associated with increased risk

(studies usually evaluating people with high volumes of whole milk)

Question 21

SELECT study

Answer 21

Increased risk for prostate cancer with vitamin E & selenium supplementation

MVI meeting 100% RDA is OK

Question 22

Micronutrient ________ is found in prostate cancer cells and egg yolks

Answer 22

Choline

Question 23

T/F: Greater body fatness is strongly associated with advanced prostate cancer

Answer 23

True and wt gain post-prostatectomy is linked with increased mortality

Question 24

Blend of these types of probiotics during radiation to the prostate radiation WITH pelvic floor therapy may help to reduce gas/diarrhea from treatment

Answer 24

Lactobacillus & bifidobacteria

Question 25

6 nutrition-related side effects from ADT

Answer 25

1. Decreased insulin sensitivity
2. Hot flashes
3. Anemia
4. HLD
5. Sarconemia
6. Bone loss

Question 26

MNT for hot flashes

Answer 26

maintain a healthy weight, add moderate aerobic exercise, limit hot beverages, spicy food. alcohol, caffeine, smoking

Question 27

MNT for sarcopenia (2)

Answer 27

1. Resistance exercise 2-3x/week
2. Adequate protein/supplementation

Question 28

MNT for bone loss (3)

Answer 28

1. Weight-baring exercise 2-3x/week
2. 1000-1200 mg calcium
3. Adequate vitamin D (>30 in blood), 600 IU PO

Question 29

PA guidelines for prostate cancer survivors

Answer 29

At least 30 minutes/day

3 hours/week of vigorous has been shown to reduce recurrence and mortality more than moderate

Question 30

Advice for prostate cancer survivors:
-Cruciferous veg:
-Lycopene-rich foods
-Poultry:
-Eggs :
-Fish
-Dairy:

Answer 30

-at least 1 serving/day
-daily
-unprocessed without the skin
-2 egg yolks per week
-2 servings/day
-limit, especially whole milk and opt for more non-dairy calcium sources

Question 31

Advice for prostate cancer survivors:
-Sat fat
-Calcium
-Vit D
-Omegas

Answer 31

-<6% kcal
-1000-1200 mg/day, dont exceed 1500
-600-800, dont exceed 4000
-Limit omega 6, include cold water fish 2x/week for omega 3), include omega 9 daily

Question 32

Advice for prostate cancer survivors:
-Flaxseed:
-Soy:
-Green tea:

Answer 32

2T daily
Whole soy foods regularly
1 cup or more daily