Chapter 1 Flashcards
Which 2 racial groups have the highest incidents of cancer?
Blacks (64% 5 y survival) & non-Hispanic Whites (70% 5 y survival)
How many people died from cancer in 2020?
600,000 (1 in 4 deaths)
How many new cases of cancer were diagnosed in 2020?
1.8 million
What is the purpose of cancer screening?
To detect at precancerous lesions & cancers at earlier stages (before palpable)
*breast and colorectal screenings recently have greatly reduced death rates
What is cell differentiation?
How different cells look under a microscope, aka their grade
T/F: Cancers that are more poorly differentiated tend to grow and spread faster
True, the have a higher grade. The look more abnormal than regular cells
What is Tis?
Carcinoma in situ. Abnormal cells are present but it’s not cancer (yet)
What is the normal process of repairing DNA damage?
DNA repair enzymes (produced by DNA repair genes). If the damage cannot be repaired, cell cycle arrest should be stopped by triggering apoptosis.
How many cancer-related deaths are related to smoking?
1/3
How man cancer-related deaths are related to obesity, poor lifestyle, and poor diet?
1/3
How does excess adipose/obesity contribute to cancer incidence? (5)
Alters insulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, sex hormones, and adipocyte-derived cytokine levels. These create a favorable environment for cancer.
What is an aflatoxin?
A family of fungal toxins associated with peanuts and other agricultural crops, which form DNA adducts
How can very high doses of nutrients contribute to carcinogensis?
May promote initiated cells to grow
What rapidly dividing healthy cells does chemo often impact? (4)
Blood cells in the bone marrow, digestive tract, hair follicles, reproductive system. Common side effects result from damage to these
What are 3 treatment-related late effects?
- Changes in body composition
- Changes in bone density
- Cardiovascular complications
