Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Additional CSO Cards > Chapter 17: Breast Cancer > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Breast Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the US with approximate _______% lifetime risk

A

13%

*Relatively high 5 year survival rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Breast cancer typically starts in the _____ or ______ cells

A

Ductal or lobular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Breast cancer that has spread to surrounded to other tissue is called _____ or _____ cancer

A

Infiltrative or invasive cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 5 modifiable risk factors for breast cancer?

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Overweight/obesity
  3. Low physical activity
  4. Using oral contraceptives/hormone replacement
  5. Childbearing/breastfeeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 6 non-modifiable risk factors for breast cancer?

A
  1. Genes (i.e. BRCA1 & BRCA2)
  2. Having dense breast tissue
  3. Late menopause (>55 y/o)
  4. Early menstruation (<12 y/o)
  5. Chest radiation
  6. Rece/ethnicity (Jews)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference between ductal cancer in situ & infiltrative/invasive breast cancer

A

Hasn’t yet spread to the fatty tissue outside of the duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 receptors looked at with breast cancer?

A

ER, PR, HER2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is triple “triple positive” breast cancer?

A

ER+, PR+, HER2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: HER2+ (aka ERBB2) breast cancers are more likely to spread

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does hormone receptor positive mean?

A

Estrogen and/or progesterone receptors are present. Hormone therapy WILL be given. Chemo may also be given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are hormone receptor negative breast cancers treated?

A

With chemotherapy, they tend to respond well to chemo but not hormone therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is HER2 a hormone receptor? How is it treated?

A

No, it’s a protein marker that drives treatment

Grows faster but good targeted therapies available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: HR+ breast tumors grow more quickly than HR-?

A

False - HR- grow more quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Oncotype Dx?

A

Recurrence score for breast cancer (how likely it’ll return in 10 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Sentinel lymph node biopsy

A

Removes and tests the first lymph node in which the cancer would likely spread. More will be tested if positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Axillary lymph node dissection

A

Removes armpit lymph nodes (more than in the sentinel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define breast-conserving surgery

A

AKA lumpectomy or partial mastectomy, removes cancerous tissue and a surgical margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define total mastectomy

A

Whole breast is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define modified radical mastectomy

A

Removes entire breast + lymph nodes under the arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define radicial mastectomy

A

Removes breast, lymph nodes, and underlying chest muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define contralateral prophylactic mastectomy

A

Removal of the unaffected other breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ovarian ablation

A

Permanent surgical oophrectomy to reduce estrogen

23
Q

It’s best to try to limit wt loss during breast cancer treatment to < ____-_____ lbs/week, but the patient also shouldn’t gain much wt

A

1-2 lbs/week

**ACS says wt loss programs are actually appropriate for breast cancer pts as long as there’s no contraindications

24
Q

Kcal & protein recommendations w/ breast cancer

A

25 kcal/kg
1.2-1.5 g/kg body wt

25
Q

________ is the most common side effect of breast cancer treatment, affecting an estimated 60-96% of patients

A

Fatigue

*associated w/ BMI > 25, pre-menopausal status, hormone therapy

26
Q

Is multivitamin beneficial for reducing fatigue with breast cancer?

A

No, actually increased fatigue in a study

However, increased exercise and a diet higher in soy & omega 3 can lower fatigue

27
Q

What are 5 risk factors for breast-cancer related lymphadema?

A

-Age
-Overweight
-Lymph node dissection
-Adjuvant radiation to regional
lymph nodes
-Some cardiovascular conditions

28
Q

What are the 3 most common remedies for breast-cancer lymphadema?

A
  1. Compression bandages
  2. Manual lymphatic drainage
  3. Exercise

**weight loss may help but more research is needed

29
Q

What are vasomotor symptoms?

A

Hot flashes, sweating, flushing

Occur in 2/3 of breast cancer patients

30
Q

Nutrition interventions for vasomotor symptoms

A

Isoflavones (phytoestrogen) such as soy (but not supplements) and potentially vitamin E

31
Q

Are muscoskeletal symptoms (“every bone in my body hurts”) typically more common w/ aromatase inhibitors or SERMS?

A

Aromatase inhibitors (think post-menopause)

*No strong nutrition evidence

32
Q

Calcium is recommended w/ bisphosphonate therapy d/t bone loss associated w/ breast cancer. When is the best time to take for max absorption?

A

2 hours before or after bisphosphonates

33
Q

Peripheral neuropathy has been associated with _______ - based chemotherapy

A

Taxane
(think ataxia = difficulty walking)

*many nutrition studies done, omega 3 supplements may help

34
Q

What is the PATHWAYS study?

A

long term breast cancer study

35
Q

________ & _______ can be considered in addition to anti-emetics for breast cancer patients

A

Acupuncture & accupressure

36
Q

Taste changes are likely to resolve within ______ months after completing chemo

A

3

37
Q

Those with BMI < ______ or with recent ______ % wt loss should be discouraged from fasting in attempt to mitigate chemo side effects

A

20.5
10

38
Q

T/F: Women closer to their IBW, younger, and who receive chemo are at a higher risk for weight gain during breast cancer treatment

A

True

39
Q

CMF chemotherapy regimen is associated with a significantly higher risk for wt gain during treatment

A

“call me fat”

Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil

40
Q

T/F: Contrary to popular belief, Tamoxifen is not associated with significant wt gain

A

True

41
Q

Soy may help which 2 side effects of breast cancer treatment

A

Fatigue & hot flashes

42
Q

Vitamin E may help which side effect of breast cancer treatment?

A

Hot flashes
(E=extinguisher)

43
Q

Weight loss may help which 1 side effect of breast cancer treatment?

A

Lymphadema

44
Q

Omega 3 may help these 2 side effects of breast cancer treatment?

A

Fatigue
Peripheral neuropathy

45
Q

In the WHEL study, highest levels of plasma __________ were associated with decreased breast cancer reurrence

A

Carotenoids

46
Q

Does soy or flax interfere with Tamoxifen?

A

No

47
Q

_______ (increased/decreased) risk for breast cancer w/ low fat dairy

A

Decreased - should be encouraged to consume 2-3 servings/day

48
Q

Has research found associations between red/processed meats and breast cancer?

A

Yes, limit

49
Q

What is a-linolenic acid

A

Form of omega-3 that comes from plants

50
Q

Inverse relationship with omega-3s and breast cancer risk, name 3 fish sources high in DHA/AHA

A
  1. salmon
  2. herring
  3. sardines
  4. mackerol
  5. tuna (not as high as the others)

aim for 1-2 servings/week

51
Q

CHOICE Study

A

We loss study, no significant difference between low fat & low CHO group on success w/ losing wt (though some studies have shown benefits of low fat diet w/ breast cancer)

52
Q

T/F: Nighttime fasting may lower breast cancer risk

A

True. May
improve BG control and diabetes is also a concern for BG risk

(recommend 13 hours/night)

53
Q

Soy recommendations for breast cancer?

A

1-2 servings/day (provides 10-40 mg soy isoflavones)

54
Q

Consensus on supplements with breast cancer

A

Results are all over the place with almost all supplements. More research is needed, best not to recommend unless deficient.

Additional CSO Cards (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions