Chapter 7: Carbohydrates

Question 1

They define the single sugar units of glucose, fructose, and galactose and represent the absorbable forms of carbohydrates for the body.

Answer 1

Monosaccharides

Question 2

They define pairs of sugar units. The three nutritionally important ones to humans are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.

Answer 2

Disaccharides

Question 3

A straight-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules.

Answer 3

Amylose

Question 4

A branched-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules.

Answer 4

Amylopectin

Question 5

The storage molecule of carbohydrate found in animals and located in muscle and liver cells.

Answer 5

Glycogen

Question 6

The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways.

Answer 6

Glycogenolysis

Question 7

The process of forming glycogen from glucose.

Answer 7

Glycogenesis

Question 8

Normal carbohydrate storage in muscle cells.

Answer 8

Approximately 15 grams per kilogram (6.8 g/lb.) of muscle tissue

Question 9

Glucose + fructose

Answer 9

Sucrose

Question 10

Glucose + galactose

Answer 10

Lactose

Question 11

Glucose + glucose

Answer 11

Maltose

Question 12

A group of incompletely metabolized fat fragments that are normally produced during fat metabolism in the absence of adequate carbohydrates.

Answer 12

Ketones

Question 13

A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.

Answer 13

Gluconeogenesis

Question 14

A mass of food that has been chewed and is now ready to initiate the swallowing process.

Answer 14

Bolus

Question 15

It is the first section of the small intestine where some digestion occurs. It is located immediately after the stomach and leads into the jejunum.

Answer 15

Duodenum

Question 16

It is the second section of the small intestine where digestion and absorption occur. It is located immediately after the duodenum and leads into the ileum.

Answer 16

Jejunum

Question 17

It is the final section of the small intestine where lots of absorption occurs. It is located immediately after the jejunum and leads into the large intestine.

Answer 17

Ileum

Question 18

The wall of the small intestine, composed of villi and microvilli, that enhance the region’s surface area for the final stages of digestion and absorption.

Answer 18

Brush border

Question 19

These are small, finger-like projections located on the walls of the intestine that extend into the intestinal tract that serve to increase the body’s surface area for absorption of nutrients.

Answer 19

Villi

Question 20

The breakdown of nutrients to release energy.

Answer 20

Catabolic

Question 21

Low GI foods are classified as foods with scores under ….

Answer 21

55

Question 22

A method for determining how the quantity of carbohydrates consumed impact blood sugar levels.

Answer 22

Glycemic load

Question 23

RDA carb levels vs AMDR (Acceptable Macro Distribution Range)

Answer 23

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates for adults aged 19 years and older is set at 130 grams per day (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2015). Generally, this is considered the minimum amount needed to maintain normal metabolism and utilization of fuels. However, the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is set at 45 to 65% of the total caloric intake daily, which might be at least double the RDA.

Question 24

What is the current daily fiber intake recommendation for men in the U.S.?

Answer 24

35 grams of fiber daily

Question 25

Which polysaccharide is digested fastest?

Answer 25

Amylopectin

Question 26

Because of the catabolic nature of exercise, insulin release is largely suppressed during an exercise bout. How does glucose, consumed during a workout, then enter the cell?

Answer 26

The body relies upon non-insulin mediated glucose uptake.

Question 27

Which health benefit is attributed to soluble fiber?

Answer 27

Reduced risk for cardiovascular disease by binding to cholesterol particles

Question 28

When would the body undergo the process of gluconeogenesis?

Answer 28

During periods of inadequate carbohydrate intake, the body can produce glucose from certain non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids

Question 29

The acidic chyme leaving the stomach must be neutralized before any digestion can occur in the small intestine. What compound neutralizes this chyme?

Answer 29

Sodium bicarbonate