Chapter 7: Carbohydrates Flashcards
They define the single sugar units of glucose, fructose, and galactose and represent the absorbable forms of carbohydrates for the body.
Monosaccharides
They define pairs of sugar units. The three nutritionally important ones to humans are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
Disaccharides
A straight-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules.
Amylose
A branched-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules.
Amylopectin
The storage molecule of carbohydrate found in animals and located in muscle and liver cells.
Glycogen
The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways.
Glycogenolysis
The process of forming glycogen from glucose.
Glycogenesis
Normal carbohydrate storage in muscle cells.
Approximately 15 grams per kilogram (6.8 g/lb.) of muscle tissue
Glucose + fructose
Sucrose
Glucose + galactose
Lactose
Glucose + glucose
Maltose
A group of incompletely metabolized fat fragments that are normally produced during fat metabolism in the absence of adequate carbohydrates.
Ketones
A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.
Gluconeogenesis
A mass of food that has been chewed and is now ready to initiate the swallowing process.
Bolus
It is the first section of the small intestine where some digestion occurs. It is located immediately after the stomach and leads into the jejunum.
Duodenum
It is the second section of the small intestine where digestion and absorption occur. It is located immediately after the duodenum and leads into the ileum.
Jejunum
It is the final section of the small intestine where lots of absorption occurs. It is located immediately after the jejunum and leads into the large intestine.
Ileum
The wall of the small intestine, composed of villi and microvilli, that enhance the region’s surface area for the final stages of digestion and absorption.
Brush border
These are small, finger-like projections located on the walls of the intestine that extend into the intestinal tract that serve to increase the body’s surface area for absorption of nutrients.
Villi
The breakdown of nutrients to release energy.
Catabolic
Low GI foods are classified as foods with scores under ….
55
A method for determining how the quantity of carbohydrates consumed impact blood sugar levels.
Glycemic load
RDA carb levels vs AMDR (Acceptable Macro Distribution Range)
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates for adults aged 19 years and older is set at 130 grams per day (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2015). Generally, this is considered the minimum amount needed to maintain normal metabolism and utilization of fuels. However, the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is set at 45 to 65% of the total caloric intake daily, which might be at least double the RDA.
What is the current daily fiber intake recommendation for men in the U.S.?
35 grams of fiber daily
Which polysaccharide is digested fastest?
Amylopectin
Because of the catabolic nature of exercise, insulin release is largely suppressed during an exercise bout. How does glucose, consumed during a workout, then enter the cell?
The body relies upon non-insulin mediated glucose uptake.
Which health benefit is attributed to soluble fiber?
Reduced risk for cardiovascular disease by binding to cholesterol particles
When would the body undergo the process of gluconeogenesis?
During periods of inadequate carbohydrate intake, the body can produce glucose from certain non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids
The acidic chyme leaving the stomach must be neutralized before any digestion can occur in the small intestine. What compound neutralizes this chyme?
Sodium bicarbonate
