Chapter 16: Motivational Interviewing

Question 1

A client-centered coaching style that helps clients resolve ambivalence and elicit behavior change.
It is a client-centered approach for enhancing intrinsic motivation.

Answer 1

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

Question 2

The state of having mixed feelings about change – a client with ambivalence wants to change and at the same time does not want to change.

Answer 2

Ambivalence

Question 3

Rewards that are immediate – for example, the pleasure of eating high-sugar, high-fat foods.

Answer 3

Proximal Rewards

Question 4

Rewards that are far away, such as a loss of 30 pounds.

Answer 4

Distal Rewards

Question 5

The build-up of mental energy that drives the desire to behave in certain ways – behavior often needs plans.

Answer 5

Motivational Phase

Question 6

Point where individuals decide how they will turn their motivation into behavior.

Answer 6

Planning Phase

Question 7

What is the underlying purpose of using Motivational Interviewing as a strategy to help a client change their behavior?

Answer 7

Effective motivational interviewing helps clients discover their own reasons for change,

Question 8

A motivational theory that describes individuals psychological needs for growth – self-determination theory also describes different types of motivational regulation and considers these regulations anywhere on a continuum of motivation.

Answer 8

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

Question 9

A state in which a person is not motivated to behave.

Answer 9

Amotivation

Question 10

Behavior performed to achieve some external reward or to avoid punishment – it is reflective of complying with other people’s demands.

Answer 10

External Regulation

Question 11

Behavior performed to avoid negative feelings (i.e., shame or guilt) or to enhance positive feelings (i.e., ego).

Answer 11

Introjected Regulation

Question 12

Behavior performed because it is valued and personally important.

Answer 12

Identified Regulation

Question 13

Behavior performed because it is fully congruent with a person’s values and needs.

Answer 13

Integrated Regulation

Question 14

The support of a client regardless of what they say or do – it is the belief that the client is trying their best despite perceived destructive behaviors.

Answer 14

Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)

Question 15

The feeling of freedom from external influences or control – the individual is perceived to be the source of their own behavior.

Answer 15

Autonomy

Question 16

When the client voices the benefits of change and disadvantages of staying the same.

Answer 16

Change Talk

Question 17

Clients discover why the goal is important to them. They then create specific behavior-oriented goals based on what their values are.

Answer 17

Value exploration

Question 18

When values are prioritized, behaviors are linked with the client’s personal sense of a desired identity.

Answer 18

Value Prioritization

Question 19

Within the motivation continuum, what are some examples of motivations that would be considered controlled motives? Check all that apply.

Answer 19

Feeling guilty

Question 20

Five Strategies of Motivational Interviewing

Answer 20

Express empathy through reflective listening.
Help clients identify discrepancies between their values or goals and their behavior.
Support self-efficacy.
Avoid arguments.
Adjust to client resistance.

Question 21

Listening that clarifies and expresses an understanding of a person’s own experiences and goals.

Answer 21

Reflective Listening

Question 22

When a person’s behavior is attributed to “the way they are” rather than to external factors.

Answer 22

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 23

The support of a client regardless of what they say or do – it is the belief that the client is trying their best despite perceived destructive behaviors.

Answer 23

Unconditional Positive Regard

Question 24

People’s ideal version of themselves

Answer 24

ideal comparator

Question 25

A person’s confidence that they can successfully execute behaviors required to produce outcomes.

Answer 25

Self-Efficacy

Question 26

Behavioral change model that demonstrates progression through stages until the change becomes part of the everyday lifestyle.

Answer 26

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

Question 27

Precontemplators and Resistance to Change

Answer 27

Precontemplator 1

Reluctant precontemplators: These clients lack proper knowledge or think the goal is too far away. They may not recognize the consequences of their current behaviors. They may not want to risk the discomfort or challenge of changing.
Action: Empathetic listening and providing sensitive feedback
Precontemplator 2

Rebellious precontemplators: These clients have the information to know that their behaviors are problematic. They are, in fact, adamant about not changing.
Action: Ensure the client that no one can force them to make any changes and that you have no intention of making them do anything they do not want to do. Provide them with a variety of options to see if one is appealing.
Precontemplator 3

Resigned precontemplator: These clients may feel overwhelmed by the change process. Changing seems hopeless to them.
Action: Instill hope and explore barriers to changing.
Precontemplator 4

Rationalizing precontemplator: These clients do not feel as if they are in personal risk from their behavior.
Action: Empathy and reflective listening – Let the client talk about the pros of their behavior.

Question 28

Precontemplation

Answer 28

Provide empathetic and reflective listening.
Do a value exploration to see how the client’s behaviors fit in with their values.
Build rapport.
Avoid arguments.
Begin with a small change and provide affirmation for each success.
Enhance self-efficacy.

Question 29

Help clients resolve ambivalence and encourage change.
Have clients get bloodwork done to examine biomarkers of health. Relevant health information may encourage change.
Use decisional balance sheets.
Provide affirmations.
Continue to enhance self-efficacy.

Answer 29

Contemplation

Question 30

Assess strength of commitment to change.
Help clients develop feasible plans.
Help clients make specific action plans that dictate when, where, how, and with whom a behavior will occur.

Answer 30

Preparation

Question 31

Revise plans as needed.
Foster strong self-efficacy.
Harness social support.
Create and follow through on plans.

Answer 31

Action

Question 32

Maintenance

Answer 32

Encourage clients to organize their environment so that temptations to relapse are minimal.
Strengthen commitment to the goal.
Identify relapses early.
Encourage clients to forgive relapses and return to their routine.
Harness social support.

Question 33

Which of the following terms refers to a client who eats healthy food because eating food is connected to their identity?

Answer 33

Integrated regulation

Question 34

A client is not sure that they can reduce their intake of snacks at work, but their Nutrition Coach reminds them that they felt the same way when they thought they could not reduce their alcohol intake. The coach is using which of the following to increase this client’s self-efficacy for the specific task of reducing snacks?

Answer 34

Verbal persuasion

Question 35

Which of the following varies along a continuum and is reflective of the level to which a behavior is integrated into an individual’s values or identity?

Answer 35

Motivational regulation

Question 36

Self-efficacy is mediated by how many sources?

Answer 36

4

Question 37

A coach summarizes and restates what a client has just told them by saying, “This is the third time you have made a serious effort at losing weight in the last two years. The goal is personally important to you for health reasons, but you are also worried about staying committed to the goal over the long haul.” Which of the following is the coach expressing?

Answer 37

Accurate empathy

Question 38

Which of the following is the theory that proposes that motivation lies on a continuum from amotivation, to extrinsic motivation, to intrinsic motivation?

Answer 38

Self-determination theory

Question 39

Which of the following is defined as all of the brain processes used to energize and direct behavior?

Answer 39

Motivation

Question 40

With which of the following does motivational interviewing start?

Answer 40

Collaboration

Question 41

Which of the following is defined as being the source of one’s behavior?

Answer 41

Autonomy

Question 42

How many basic psychological needs are there in self-determination theory?

Answer 42

3

Question 43

Changing because of outside pressures is a controlled motive; however, changing because an individual wants to change is considered to be which one of the following?

Answer 43

Autonomous motive

Question 44

Which of the following reframes the idea of failures as ineffective solutions?

Answer 44

A process mindset