Chapter 22: Nutrition Hot Topics and Controversies

Question 1

Any food product that is certified organic by the United States Department of Agriculture and, therefore, meets certain criteria for agricultural and animal-husbandry practices.

Answer 1

Organic Foods

Question 2

Any food product that comes from the intensive agricultural and animal-husbandry methods employed in the United States (e.g., heavy pesticide use and concentrated animal feedlots).

Answer 2

Conventional Foods

Question 3

Feed that provides highly concentrated sources of nutrients and supplementation to livestock.

Answer 3

Concentrate Feed

Question 4

The use of ordinary or familiar words or phrases.

Answer 4

Colloquialism

Question 5

Natural compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.

Answer 5

Secondary Metabolites

Question 6

Class of natural chemicals found abundantly in plants that have unique biological effects when consumed.

Answer 6

Polyphenols

Question 7

A hazardous natural chemical compound that is resistant to biodegradation and thus remains in the environment for a long time.

Answer 7

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Question 8

An essential omega-3 fatty acid that is converted into EPA and DHA within the body, albeit in limited amounts.

Answer 8

Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)

Question 9

Refers to animals that have been raised in an ecologically appropriate way; allowed to forage and graze on pasture throughout life.

Answer 9

Grass-Fed and Finished

Question 10

A carotenoid that plays an important role within the human brain and retina as an antioxidant.

Answer 10

Lutein

Question 11

Switching from a conventional to an organic-based diet can increase the polyphenol intake by the equivalent of 1-2 servings of fruits and vegetables without changing actual food or energy intake. The beneficial effects of polyphenols have been linked to what?

Answer 11

Inflammation management, Cancer prevention, Vascular health, Brain function

Question 12

Beef from grass-fed and finished cattle have noted to have higher concentrations of what?

Answer 12

Omega-3 Fatty Acids, EPA, DHA, Vitamin A, Vitamin E

Question 13

Pastured eggs have how much more DHA than conventional eggs?

Answer 13

3.5.times

Question 14

Any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (e.g., bacteria-mediated recombination)

Answer 14

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Question 15

An extremely hazardous chemical that can be produced by the cooking of starchy foods (e.g., French fries).

Answer 15

Acrylamide

Question 16

An autoimmune disorder where the protein gluten causes the body to mount an immune response, which leads to damage to the small intestine.

Answer 16

Celiac Disease

Question 17

A clinical condition induced by the ingestion of gluten leading to intestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms that improve once the gluten-containing foodstuff is removed from the diet and celiac disease and wheat allergy have been excluded.

Answer 17

Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity

Question 18

Naturally occurring short-chain carbohydrates poorly absorbed in the small intestine.

Answer 18

Fermentable, Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAPs)

Question 19

Term describing the control of material passing from inside the small intestine to the rest of the body, also known as leaky gut.

Answer 19

Intestinal Permeability

Question 20

A product that modulates the permeability of tight junctions between cells of the small intestine.

Answer 20

Zonulin

Question 21

An endotoxin produced by gram-negative bacteria that elicit an inflammatory response if absorbed into circulation from the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 21

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Question 22

Grains with Gluten

Answer 22

Wheat, bulgar, seminola, rye, barley, triticale

Question 23

Gluten-Free Grains

Answer 23

Buckwheat, millet, amaranth, quinoa, corn, white/brown rice, oats, wild rice, sorghum, teff

Question 24

A cereal grain or pseudograin that contains the endosperm, germ, and bran.

Answer 24

Whole-Meal Grains

Question 25

Grass seeds used in the same way as true cereal grains, often serving as a replacement (e.g., ground into flour or consumed as porridge) – examples include amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa.

Answer 25

Pseudograins

Question 26

With an emerging industry of different GMOs now available, clients will come to you with questions on what these are, their consumption risks, and overall long-term effects from use. What are some direct benefits of promoting and supporting GMOs?

Answer 26

Increased crop yields, Increased nutrient content

Question 27

A sweetener made from the enzymatic conversion of corn starch into glucose and fructose.

Answer 27

High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)

Question 28

The enzyme that turns fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate, a key regulatory step in the glycolytic pathway.

Answer 28

Phosphofructokinase

Question 29

The process by which fatty acids are synthesized from other compounds (e.g., glucose) within the liver.

Answer 29

De Novo Lipogenesis (DNL)

Question 30

Any radioactive atom detectable in a material in a chemical, biological, or physical system and used to mark that material for study, to observe its progress through the system, or to determine its distribution.

Answer 30

Isotopic Tracer

Question 31

A zero-calorie food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar.

Answer 31

Non-Nutritive Sweeteners (NNS)

Steviol glycosides (Stevia extract)=300 x sweetness relative to sucrose. 9 packets for 132 pound adult allowed.

Monk fruit extract (Luo Han Guo)=175 x. Unknown

Question 32

A synthetic nonnutritive sweetener.

Acesulfame, Potassium (Ace-K)=200 x the sweetness relative to glucose. 23 packets for 132 pound adult

Advantame=20,000 x the sweetness relative to glucose. 4920 packets

Aspartame=200 x the sweetness relative to glucose.
75 packets

Neotame=10,000 x. 23 packets

Saccharin=400 x. 45 packets.

Sucralose=600 x. 23 packets.

Answer 32

Artificial Sweetener

Question 33

NNS calories vs sugar

Answer 33

As the name indicates, NNS has zero calories whereas sugar has 4 calories per gram or 16 calories per teaspoon. Logically, for people trying to lose weight, ditching sugar-sweetened beverages and using NNS can help slash calorie intake and contribute to weight loss.

Question 34

Describes a psychological phenomenon whereby people eat more of something they perceive as being healthy.

Answer 34

The health halo effect

Question 35

What are the major differences between fructose and glucose?

Answer 35

Fructose is metabolized primarily within the liver. Fructose promotes overeating and consequential weight gain compared to glucose. The body continues to create energy from fructose even if the body doesn’t need it.

Question 36

Which of the following are considered natural NNS Sweeteners?

Answer 36

Monk Fruit Extract, Steviol Glycosides

Question 37

The process of attempting to purify the body from ill-defined toxins through restrictive dieting and foolhardy supplementation (e.g., The Master Cleanse or Fat Flush).

Answer 37

Detox and Cleansing Programs

Question 38

Clients will come to you with many questions regarding the various detoxes and cleanses available. What following statement would be the best approach to explaining detoxification to a client?

Answer 38

We all have a natural ability to detoxify our bodies within the liver and then excreted via bile o the kidneys. To support our body’s ability to so should be done by eating nutrient-dense foods rich in vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.

Question 39

Along with blood pressure, which of the following may be beneficially affected by calorie-equated exchange for fructose when compared to other carbohydrates?

Answer 39

Glycemic control

Question 40

Celiac disease is best described as which of the following?

Answer 40

Autoimmune condition

Question 41

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity is best described as which of the following?

Answer 41

Food sensitivity

Question 42

High-fructose corn syrup usually contains what percentage of fructose?

Answer 42

55–65%

Question 43

Grass-fed or grass-finished cattle are different from organic cattle primarily because of which of the following reasons?

Answer 43

Organic cattle eat grains during the end of their life.

Question 44

Which answer most appropriately describes the effect of consuming nonnutritive sweeteners on appetite and food intake?

Answer 44

Insulin sensitivity

Question 45

The average dose of fructose used during controlled trials was greater than the intake of what percentile of Americans?

Answer 45

95%

Question 46

What is an example of a direct risk of GMO consumption?

Answer 46

Expression of allergenic proteins

Question 47

How many nonnutritive sweeteners have been approved for use by the FDA?

Answer 47

8

Question 48

Switching from conventional to organic produce significantly reduces biomarkers of pesticide exposure in as little as how many days?

Answer 48

6-7 days

Question 49

The link between nonnutritive sweeteners and obesity in observational research can be explained by which of the following?

Answer 49

Reverse causality

Question 50

Increased translocation of microbial products through the intestinal barrier, an immune response toward lipopolysaccharides, and increased intestinal permeabiity all play a roll in the symptoms of which of the following?

Answer 50

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity

Question 51

Toxins and toxicants accumulate in humans primarily within which of the following?

Answer 51

Fat