Chapter 6: Protein

Question 1

It is the second-most abundant molecule in fat-free bodily tissues (water being the most abundant).

Answer 1

Protein

Question 2

How many amino acids are required by the human body to perform?

Answer 2

20

Question 3

The organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group.

Answer 3

Amino acids

Question 4

How many EAAs are there? (Essential Amino Acids) These must be consumed in the diet because they are necessary for bodily functions and cannot be synthesized within the body.

Answer 4

There are nine EAAs, which include three branched chain amino acids.

Question 5

The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) which are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branch-like structure.

Answer 5

Branched Chain Amino Acid

Question 6

How to remember the EAAs (mnemonic device):

Answer 6

PVT TIM HALL (which borrows arginine, a conditionally essential amino acid, for the “A.”)

Phenylalanine

Valine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine

Arginine*

Lysine

Leucine

Question 7

A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.

Answer 7

Gluconeogenesis

Question 8

Process of joining amino acids with peptide bonds to form proteins.

Answer 8

Protein Synthesis

Question 9

The bond between two amino acids, occurring between the carboxyl group of one and the amino group of the other.

Answer 9

Peptide bond

Question 10

Breakdown of one large molecule into two smaller molecules via the donation of one hydrogen and one hydroxyl group from water to the smaller molecules, respectively.

Answer 10

Hydrolysis

Question 11

A chain of four to nine amino acids.

Answer 11

Oligopeptide

Question 12

Polypeptide

Answer 12

A chain of 10 or more amino acids.

Question 13

The three major muscle proteins are

Answer 13

myosin, actin, and titin, which all contain different amino acid compositions (Figure: Actin, Myosin, and Titin). Titin has about 30,000 amino acids, myosin has about 6,000 amino acids, and actin has about 400 amino acids. Myosin uses energy from ATP to grab actin and flex in unison with many other myosin proteins to produce a muscle contraction. Titin helps provide a muscle’s elasticity so it can return to its resting length following muscle contractions. It is so large because it stretches over the whole muscle cell, whereas myosin and actin go about halfway. Myosin is much larger than actin due to its more complex function.

Question 14

What is the molecular component that makes each individual amino acid unique?

Answer 14

Side chain

Question 15

Which protein is one of the largest polypeptides in the body and gives muscles their property of elasticity?

Answer 15

Titin

Question 16

The process of changing a protein’s shape.

Answer 16

Denaturation

Question 17

A hormone released when food is ingested to stimulate release of digestive fluids.

Answer 17

Gastrin

Question 18

It is the first section of the small intestine where some digestion occurs, and it is located immediately after the stomach and leads into the jejunum.

Answer 18

Duodenum

Question 19

A hormone that stimulates the liver and pancreas to produce bile and bicarbonate; inhibits gastrin release.

Answer 19

Secretin

Question 20

A protein formed of a triple-helix structure with great tensile strength, found primarily in skin, muscles/connective tissue, and bones.

Answer 20

Collagen

Question 21

A protein found in the blood stream that helps draw water into the blood vessel from surrounding tissue. It regulated fluid balance.

Answer 21

Albumin

Question 22

Protein needs

Answer 22

Activity Level: None: .8-1.2 g/kg body weight

Activity Level: Light to Moderate: Cardio: 1.2 to 1.6, Resistance: 1.5-2.0

Activity Level: Moderate to Vigorous: Cardio: 1.5 to 2.0, Resistance: 1.7 to 2.2

Question 23

The amino acid _____ is a primary factor for increasing muscle protein synthesis to facilitate muscle recovery and growth. Of all the amino acids present in a protein, _____ is the only one that is independently capable of enhancing muscle anabolism. However, it is important to understand that ______ is operating as a signal and all of the amino acids are still necessary to form proteins. protein’s quality may be evaluated based on its _____ content when muscle mass maintenance or growth is a primary goal. _____ is capable of enhancing muscle protein synthesis signaling for a period of about 3 hours after ingestion, and the optimal dose to maximize protein synthesis is 0.05 grams of leucine per kilogram of body weight

Answer 23

Leucine

Question 24

According to the USDA My Plate, what percentage of one’s diet should come from high-protein sources?

Answer 24

20-25%

Question 25

Ketogenic amino acids may become which 2 molecules that can be used to produce ATP?

Answer 25

Acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate

Question 26

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 26

Removal of 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen from 2 different molecules when the 2 molecules are joined together

Question 27

How do protein and amino acids influence body pH?

Answer 27

They act as buffers to maintain neutral pH.

Question 28

Can post-workout protein consumption increase muscle glycogen synthesis?

Answer 28

Yes, when consumed with carbohydrates.