Chapter 5: Energy Balance and Metabolism

Question 1

The energy currency of life.

Answer 1

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 2

The estimated calorie needs per day, by age, sex, and physical activity level. The basic energy need of an average human being (TDEE) is approximately 2000 calories per day.

Answer 2

Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

Question 3

How many laws of thermodynamics are there?

Answer 3

4

Question 4

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 4

Also referred to as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created nor destroyed.

Question 5

Chemical processes occurring within the body to convert food to energy.

Answer 5

Metabolism

Question 6

What molecules’ bond is broken during the usage of ATP that results in an ADP molecule and the release of free energy to drive muscle contractions?

Answer 6

Phosphate

Question 7

What are the 4 components of energy out?

Answer 7

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
The Thermic Effect of Feeding (TEF)
The Thermic Effect of Activity (TEA)
Non-Exercising Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)

Question 8

What % of daily expenditure is TEA (Thermic Effect of Activity)?

Answer 8

15-30%

Question 9

What % of daily expenditure is Resting Metabolism (RMR)?

Answer 9

60-75%

Question 10

What % of daily expenditure is TEF (Thermic Effect of Feeding)?

Answer 10

10%

Question 11

NEAT (Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis)

Answer 11

A more specific component of TEA is referred to as NEAT, or non-exercise activity thermogenesis. NEAT is the energy expended for everything we do that is not sleeping, eating or exercising. It is the energy we consume during daily activities, including walking at work, typing, walking to and from meetings and fidgeting. Daily NEAT is any physical activities that may increase metabolic rate, even for a brief period of time, that are not part of structured exercise.

Question 12

The biological process of combining free fatty acids with glycerol to form triglycerides.

Answer 12

Lipogenesis

Question 13

The biological process of breaking stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol.

Answer 13

Lipolysis

Question 14

The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways.

Answer 14

Glycogenolysis

Question 15

A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids.

Answer 15

Gluconeogenesis

Question 16

Which of the following bodily functions are supported by a person’s resting metabolism?

Answer 16

Breathing, blood circulation, neurological function

Question 17

Which component of energy expenditure represents the easiest way to increase total daily caloric expenditure for individuals focused on reducing body fat?

Answer 17

NEAT (Non-exercise activity thermogenesis)

Question 18

Sleep deprivation (i.e., sleeping only 3.5-5.5 hours per night) has been shown to be responsible for which of the following effects?

Answer 18

Reduced RMR (Resting Metabolic Rate)

Question 19

Which of the following metabolic processes is stimulated by thyroid hormones?

Answer 19

Glycogenolysis

Question 20

Hormone that is produced and released primarily by the stomach, with small amounts also released by the small intestine, pancreas, and brain. It has the opposite effect of leptin, and thus is referred to as the “hunger hormone” because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake, and promotes fat storage. It stimulates fat deposition and growth hormone release, leading to increased hunger and fat storage

Answer 20

Ghrelin

Question 21

Low levels induce appetite and suppress energy expenditure, thyroid and reproductive hormones, and immunity. Larger bodies (e.g., those with higher BMI) will have larger quantities of it. This indicates that ____ resistance may play some role in common obesity. Furthermore, some research has suggested that some individuals may have dysregulated ____ signaling as bodyweight decreases during a weight-loss regimen. This can lead to bouncing back with excessive appetite that can lead to a return in weight gain.

Answer 21

Leptin

Question 22

Hormone released in the gastrointestinal system and is responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. It is secreted by cells of the upper small intestine. It is released when amino acids or fatty acids enter into the stomach or beginning of the small intestines. It stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile into the intestine to help breakdown fat and protein.

Answer 22

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

Question 23

A neuropeptide hormone linked to the autonomic nervous system. Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules used by neurons to communicate with each other. Neuropeptide molecules influence the activity of the brain and the body in specific ways. This is a specialized hormone produced in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. This helps stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which stimulates appetite and fat storage.

Answer 23

NPY (Neuropeptide Y)

Question 24

Hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when blood glucose levels are high, promoting the uptake of glucose for fuel or storage as glycogen. It helps keeps blood-sugar levels from getting too high, also referred to as hyperglycemia. It increases glucose uptake in peripheral tissue (e.g., skeletal muscle) while also decreasing the production of glucose by the liver.

Answer 24

Insulin

Question 25

Hormone that is released when blood sugars decrease below a certain threshold. It stimulates the breakdown of stored glucose (glycogen) in the liver, releasing additional glucose into the bloodstream for fuel.

Answer 25

Glucagon

Question 26

How many grams of ATP can the human body store?

Answer 26

The human body can only store approximately 80 to 100 grams of ATP, which is only enough energy for a few seconds of high-intensity activity.

Question 27

It is the primary energy system used for all-out exercise.
It can last up to about 10 seconds.
A limited amount of PC is stored in skeletal muscle.
Fatigue happens very quickly with this system.
Creatine kinase is the enzyme that breaks down phosphocreatine (PC) into creatine and an inorganic phosphate (Pi).
The energy released in the breakdown of PC allows ADP and Pi to form more ATP.
PC stores are replenished after about 2 minutes of rest.
If activity continues at a high intensity, other energy systems will be called on.

Answer 27

ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) System

Question 28

The first step of carbohydrate metabolism, an anaerobic pathway, that breaks glucose or glycogen down to pyruvate.

Answer 28

Glycolysis

Question 29

The dominant energy system during short, intense exercise, providing energy for a period ranging from 10 seconds to 2 minutes

Answer 29

Glycolysis

Question 30

The end product of glycolysis. It’s either transported and used to support further energy production in the Krebs cycle or converted into lactic acid (lactate + hydrogen ion). If lactic acid becomes the end product, it is called anaerobic glycolysis. If ______ is used further in the Krebs cycle, it becomes part of aerobic glycolysis or aerobic respiration.

Answer 30

Pyruvate

Question 31

The biological process of breaking stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol.

Answer 31

Lipolysis

Question 32

One molecule of glucose yields around __ ATP through a full cycle of metabolic reactions, fatty acids yield much more.

Answer 32

36

Question 33

When there is not enough oxygen available, what is pyruvate converted to instead of being used aerobically within the mitochondria?

Answer 33

Lactic acid

Question 34

Calories (energy) in versus calories (energy) out is an example of what principle?

Answer 34

The first law of thermodynamics

Question 35

To which of the following is one metabolic equivalent (MET) equal?

Answer 35

3.5 ml O2/kg/min

Question 36

A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids is referred to as which of the following?

Answer 36

Gluconeogensis

Question 37

ATP consists of an adenosine molecule bonded to how many phosphate groups?

Answer 37

3