Chapter 7 Flashcards
The human body is composed of ____ bones and cartilage
*206
Basic parts of the Skeletal System
Axial & Appendicular
Axial Skeleton
*longitudinal axis and encases body cavities
The skull contains ____ bones (__ cranial and __ facial) in the Axial Skeleton
- 22 bones
- 8 cranial
- 14 facial
- SKULL ENCASES THE BRAIN & FORMS FACE
Vertebral Column of the Axial Skeleton
- 33 bones
- 24 INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRAE (protects spinal cord)
- REMAINING VERTEBRAE FUSE and FORMS SACRUM & COCCYX
Thoracic Cage of Axial Skeleton
- RIB CAGE
- 12 pairs of Ribs, Sternum, and part of Vertebral Column
- Encases & protects lungs, heart, and the thoracic cavity contents (SOME)
Appendicular Skeleton
- Bones of Pectoral girdle, Upper limb, Pelvic girdle, and Lower limb;
- Suited for Movement, Support, and Muscle attachment
Pectoral Girdle of Appendicular Skeleton
- Clavicle and Scapula;
- Anchors Upper limb to Trunk
Upper Limb of Appendicular Skeleton
*3 parts: Arm [HUMERUS], Forearm [RADIUS & ULNA], and Wrist & Hand [CARPALS, METACARPALS, and PHALANGES]
Pelvic Girdle of Appendicular Skeleton
- 2 Pelvic bones and Sacrum;
* PELVIS: ANCHORS LOWER LIMB TO TRUNK
Lower Limb of the Appendicular Skeleton
*3 Parts: Thigh [FEMUR], Leg [TIBIA & FIBULA], and Ankle & Foot [TARSALS, METATARSALS, and PHALANGES]
Bone Markings
- SURFACE FEATURES:
- Depressions: pathways for blood vessels and nerves or sites for joints between the bones
- Openings: enclose delicate structures and allow them to travel through the bones
- Projections: sites where bones articulate or where ligaments & tendons attach
Skull
*22 BONES in 2 GROUPS: CRANIAL & FACIAL
Cranial Bones of Skull
- CRANIUM
- 8 BONES
- 4 SINGLE bones: FRONTAL, OCCIPITAL, ETHMOID, & SPHENOID
- 2 PAIRED bones: TEMPORAL & PARIETAL
Facial Bones of Skull
- 14 TOTAL that FORMS FRAME OF FACE
- 6 PAIRED bones: MAXILLARY, ZYGOMATIC, NASAL, LACRIMAL, PALATINE, and INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAL
- 2 SINGLE bones: MANDIBLE & VOLMER
Overview of Skull Structure
- ALL BONES OF SKULL ARE FUSED TO ONE ANOTHER AT IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures), EXCEPTION OF MANDIBLE
- MANY SKULL BONES contain AIR-FILLED SPACES, SINUSES; 4 bones around NASAL CAVITY, [PARANASAL SINUSES]
Cranial Vault
- CALVARIUM
- Superior portion of Cranial Cavity
Cranial Base
-Inferior portion, divided into 3 indentations: ANTERIOR, MIDDLE, & POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSAE -> * where brain fits
Cranial Cavity
- Formed by: CRANIAL BONES, and the Surrounding Brain housing sense Organs
- ORBITS: CONTAIN EYEBALLS
- NASAL CAVITY: HOUSES SENSORY RECEPTORS FOR SMELL
- ORAL CAVITY: SURROUNDS TEETH & TONGUE
- Other SMALL CAVITIES Containing ORGANS FOR HEARING & BALANCE
Cavities of Skull
-Orbit: 7 FUSED BONES; FORMS walls that encase EYEBALL, LACRIMAL GLAND, & associated BLOOD VESSELS, MUSCLES, & NERVES
Frontal Bone
-SUPERIOR & POSTEROSUPERIOR ORBITAL WALL
Maxilla
-POSTEROINFERIOR WALL with small contribution from PALATINE BONE
Zygomatic Bone
-ANTEROLATERAL WALL
Sphenoid Bone
-POSTERIOR WALL
Ethmoid, Lacrimal, and Palatine Bones
-MEDIAL WALL
Nasal Cavity of Skull Cavities
- SEVERAL bones LINED with MUCUS MEMBRANES forming WALLS
* FIRST PART OF RESPIRATORY TRACT
Posterior Wall
-Sphenoid body & Pterygoid process
Lateral Wall
-ETHMOID and perpendicular plate of PALATINE, Inferior NASAL CONCHAE, and MAXILLA
Roof
-CRIBRIFORM plate of ETHMOID
Floor/Hard Palate
-PALATINE & PALATINE PROCESSES of MAXILLAE
Anterior Wall
-CARTILAGE & CONNECTIVE TISSUE of NOSE that is ATTACHED to margins of NASAL BONE and MAXILLAE
Nasal Septum
- POSTERIOR to PERPENDICULAR plate of ETHMOID bone and VOLMER;
- ANTERIOR to HYALINE CARTILAGE
- DIVIDES NASAL CAVITY into new NASAL FOSSA
Paranasal Sinuses
- WITHIN FRONTAL, SPHENOID, ETHMOID, and MAXILLARY bones
- Communicates with adjacent NASAL CAVITY through small body openings
- ALLOWS AIR to FLOW IN & OUT of SINUSES
Mucous Membranes
- Lines SINUSE filter, WARM, and HUMIDIFIES AIR
- Cavities REDUCE WEIGHT of SKULL and ENHANCES VOICE RESONANCE
Tongue, Teeth, and Salivary Glands (MOST) within Oral Cavity:
- FIRST PART OF DIGESTIVE TRACT
- ROOF is INFERIOR surface of bones that FORMS FLOOR of NASAL CAVITY [HARD PALATE]
- ANTERIOR & LATERAL WALLS of cavity are MAXILLAE and MANDIBLE
- POSTERIOR WALL and BONY FLOOR are ABSENT; REPLACED by SOFT TISSUES [MUSCLES & CONNECTIVE TISSUE]
Fetal Skull
- NOT FUSED TO ONE ANOTHER
- Soft Spots: [FONTANELS] that are membranous AREAS BETWEEN fetal CRANIAL bones; PRESENT UNTIL child’s CRANIAL bones complete development at 18-24 MONTHS
- Fontanels & UNFUSED structures ALLOW FLEXIBILITY; ENABLE skull to FIT through VAGINA during birth and ALLOWS SKULL to ENLARGE with normal brain GROWTH
Fontanels
- Anterior Fontanel: BETWEEN developing FRONTAL & PARIETAL BONES where CORONAL & SAGITTAL SUTURES MEET; METOPIC SUTURE DIVIDES FRONTAL BONE (fuses at birth from SINGLE BONE)
- Posterior Fontanel: BETWEEN developing PARIETAL & OCCIPITAL bones at APEX of LAMBDOID SUTURE
Two Sphenoid Fontanels
-on LEFT & RIGHT sides of TEMPLE where SPHENOID bone MEETS other CRANIAL BONES
Two Mastoid Fontanels
- at JUNCTION where LAMBDOID and SQUAMOUS SUTURES of developing PARIETAL, TEMPORAL, and OCCIPITAL bone MEET
Hyoid Bone
- Grouped with skull bones DUE TO its PROXIMITY even though it DOESN’T articulate with SKULL BONES
- C-SHAPED in SUPERIOR NECK; SUSPENDED by LIGAMENTS that attach it to the STYLOID PROCESS of TEMPORAL bone & LARYNX (voice box)
- PROVIDES numerous ATTACHMENT POINTS for MUSCLES involved in SWALLOWING & SPEECH
Forensic Skull Anatomy
- 4 DIFFERENCES:
1. MALE skull FOREHEAD is SLOPED & FEMALES STRAIGHT
2. MALES SUPRAORBITAL RIDGE is more PROMINENT
3. Mandibular angle of MALE is closer to 90 degrees and FEMALE is CLOSER to or GREATER than 90 degrees
4. Mastoid process of MALE is LARGER & more PROMINENT
Forensic Skull Anatomy (pt. 2)
- SIZE of SKULL, SUTURE APPEARANCE, and TEETH can approximate individuals AGE
- PROVIDE CLUES to individuals ETHNICITY
- Once analyzed, artist can develop a picture of what that individual LOOKED LIKE
Vertebral Column
- SPINE
- 33 BONES [VERTEBRAE]
- Vertebrae: classified by STRUCTURE & LOCATION; Each individual Vertebrae is given a LETTER-> REGION and NUMBER-> POSITION
Space between Movable Vertebrae of Vertebral Column
- Space between is INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN; VISIBLE from LATERAL VIEW of the Column
- SPINAL NERVE ROOTS pass through FORAMINA
Vertebral Classification
- 7 CERVICAL: IN NECK; 4th vertebrae is c4
- 12 THORACIC: RIBS; 11th vertebrae is t11
- 5 LUMBAR: LOWER BACK; 3rd vertebrae is L3
- 5 FUSED SACRAL [Sacrum]: articulates with PELVIC bones
- 3-5 FUSED COCCYGEAL [Coccyx]: AT MOST INFERIOR end of VERTEBRAL column
Spinal Curvatures
- C-SHAPED vertebral column of NEWBORN develops into a series of S-SHAPED secondary curvatures as INFANT GROWS
- Lends BALANCE & SUPPORT needed to WALk on BOTH LEGS
Primary Curvatures
- THORACIC & SACRAL
- PRESENT during FETAL PERIOD of development
Secondary Curvatures
- CERVICAL & LUMBAR
- DEVELOP AFTER FETAL PERIOD
- Development of Secondary Curvatures is CRITICAL to species ability to WALK UPRIGHT
Cervical Curvature
- ALLOWS us to HOLD our HEADS UP
* LUMBAR CURVATURE shifts WEIGHT of BODY ONto SACRUM
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
SCOLIOSIS: ABNORMAL LATERAL curvature in Vertebral Column
LORDOSIS: [SWAYBACK] exaggerated CERVICAL & LUMBAR curvatures
KYPHOSIS: exaggerated THORACIC curvature, RESULTING in HUNCHBACK appearance
Structure of Vertebrae
- ALL vertebrae HAS FEATURES: reflect functions of spinal cord (PROTECT & SUPPORT head and neck)
Body of Vertebrae
- CENTRUM
- WEIGHT BEARING surface; MOST ANTERIOR
- Intervertebral Discs: BETWEEN adjacent bodies that ABSORB SHOCK or running and jumping
Vertebral Foramen Structure
- POSTERIOR to BODY; LARGE opening through which SPINAL CORD & TISSUES TRAVEL
- ALL FORMINAE FORM [VERTEBRAL CANAL]
2 Pedicles border the Vertebral Foramen laterally and project posteriorly from body:
- MERGES with 2 LAMINAE -> borders vertebral foramen posteriorly
- TOGETHER it FORMS [VERTEBRAL ARCH]
Inferior Vertebral Notch & Superior Vertebral Notch
- On INFERIOR side of EACH PEDICLE [IVN]
- On SUPERIOR side, FORMING [INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA]
Superior & Inferior Articular Processes
- At EACH JUNCTION of EACH PEDICLE & LAMINA
- FACETS FORM joints BETWEEN VERTEBRAE
Transverse Processes
- Project from LATERAL sides of Vertebral Arch
* MUSCLE ATTACHMENT SITES
Spinous Processes
- PROJECTS from *MOST POSTERIOR aspect of Vertebral Arch
* MUSCLE ATTACHMENT SITES
Cervical Vertebrae
- 7
- SMALLEST
- IDENTIFIED by TRANSVERSE FORAMINA in their processes; ALLOWS passage of Vertebral arteries & Veins
- C1 and C2 are DIFFERENT from other CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
C1
- ATLAS
- Large, TEARDROP SHAPE Vertebral Foramen (*lacks vertebral body)
- 2 ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR Arches REPLACE SPINOUS PROCESS (*forms lateral masses)
- Contains Superior & Inferior Articular facets which articulates with OCCIPITAL BONE & C2
C2
- AXIS
- Dens: Prominent Superior TOOTH-SHAPED Projection; ODONTOID PROCESS protrudes from BODY and articulates with ATLAS at ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT
- ALLOWS for ROTATIONAL movement of head at neck; Structure of Dens in ATLAS allows joint to function (SHAKING HEAD “NO”)
Thoracic Vertebrae
- 12
- LARGER than Cervical Vertebrae
- HEART-SHAPED bodies, Circular Vertebral Foramina, and Long Spinous Processes pointing INFERIORLY
- Superior Costal Facets & Inferior Costal Facets are on LATERAL SIDES of Verterbral body; Provides points of articulation for the Ribs
- 2 Transverse Costal Facets are on Transverse processes; Articulates with another Rib portion
Lumbar Vertebrae
- 5
- LARGEST & HEAVIEST of ALL vertebrae
- Suited for BEARING WEIGHT of TORSO
- Large, KIDNEY-SHAPED bodies and THICK Spinous Processes that point POSTERIORLY
- Vertebral Foramina have FLATTENED TRIANGLE SHAPE
- Lumbar Pedicles and Laminae are THICKER & SHORTER than those in regions of the Vertebral Column
Vertebral Compression Fractures
- COMMON FRACTURE of Vertebral BODY
- REDUCES HEIGHT of Vertebrae by 20% and RESULTS from TRAUMA or DISEASE that DESTROY BONE (osteoporosis & bone tumors )
- TREATMENT: DEPENDS on FACTORS, including TYPE & SEVERITY of FRACTURE along with HEALTH
- MANY patients respond well to treatment (BED REST) and others REQUIRE SURGERY
2 Types of Vertebral Fractures
- Wedge Fractures: involve ONLY anterior portion of Vertebrae; *MOST COMMON in ELDERLY WOMEN with Kyphosis or Osteoporosis which CAN be induced by TRAUMA (sneezing or rolling over); Symptoms VARY which involves pain that may radiate
- Burst Fractures: involves ENTIRE Vertebral body, DUE TO severe trauma; Symptoms are MORE SEVERE; Bone fragments CAN damage Spinal Cord & Nerves
Vertebrae Structure
- Sacrum: 5 FUSED Sacral Vertebrae that FORM curved TRIANGULAR SHAPED posterior boundary of Pelvic Cavity
- Superior Surface (BASE) articulates with 5th Lumbar Vertebra at Facets of Superior articular processes
- [SACRAL PROMONTORY] is the bony projection at ANTERIOR margin of BASE
- [ALAE] are 2 Smooth Regions lateral to sacral promontory
- Inferior Surface [APEX] articulates with Coccyx
Vertebrae Structure (pt.2)
- Anterior surface exhibits transverse lines that indicate where vertebrae fused to one another
Typically there are ___ fused vertebrae that forms ____
- 4 & COCCYX
* CAN be BETWEEN 3 & 5 Vertebrae;
Transverse Ridges
-REMNANTS of Transverse Processes on Posterior Surface
Coccygeal Cornu
-HORNLIKE projections on EACH side of SUPERIOR aspect of COCCYX
TRICKS to remember SKULL BONES & VERTEBRAE
- PEST OF 6: *6 CRANIAL BONES
PARIETAl, ETHMOID, SPHENOID, TEMPORAL, OCCIPITAL, FRONTAL - Virgil is Now Making My Pet Zebra Laugh: FACIAL BONES
VOLMER, INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE, NASAL, MANDIBLE, MAXILLAE, PALATINE, ZYGOMATIC, LACRIMAL - Every Student Fancies Learning Zillions More Parts: BONES OF ORBIT
ETHMOID, SPHENOID, FRONTAL, LACRIMAL, ZYGOMATIC, MAXILLA, PALATINE
TRICKS
-For Easier Sinus Memorization: PARANASAL SINUSES
FRONTAL, ETHMOIDAL, SPHENOIDAL, MAXILLARY
-Breakfast at 7, Lunch at 12, Dinner at 5: # OF EACH TYPE OF VERTEBRAE
7 CERVICAL, 12 THORACIC, and 5 LUMBAR
Visual Analogies Examples
- Sphenoid Bone: BAT from ANTERIOR SIDE (the “WINGS”)
- Ethmoid Bone: ICEBERG position in SKULL, it’s tip [CRISTA GALLI] anterior view
- Thoracic Vertebra: HEAD of GIRAFFE from POSTERIOR side; thoRAcic=giRAffee
- Lumbar Vertebra: HEAD of “LUMBering” Moose
Intervertebral Discs
*23 TOTAL
-FIBROCARTILAGE PAD between bodies of adjacent vertebrae; ABSORBS SHOCK and BINDS Vertebral Column TOGETHER with EACH disc having certain components :
[NUCLEUS PULPOUS]: SOFT, inner JELLY-like substance; RESILIENT shock ABSORBER
[ANULUS FIBROSUS]: OUTER-ring of Fibrocartilage containing Nucleus Pulpous; Joints are adjacent Vertebrae
Herniated Disc
- TEAR in ANULUS FIBROUS ALLOWING NUCLEUS PULPOSES to protrude;
- SLIPPED DISC RESULTING from TRAUMA, INJURY to IMPROPER LIFTING, or LONGER TERM DAMAGE from REPEATED MOTIONS
- Anulus GENERALLY TEARS on its POSTERIOLATERAL SIDE due to ARRANGEMENT of LIGAMENTS around COLUMN
- Bulging Nucleus Pulposus COMPRESSES NERVE ROOTS as they EMERGE from SPINAL CORD;
- CAN cause BAD PAIN and RADIATE through other parts, also causing NUMBNESS, TINGLING, and/or MUSCLE WEAKNESS
- TREATMENT: Injection of anti-inflammatory steroids, physical therapy, or surgery
The Thoracic Cage
- STERNUM, 12 pairs of RIBS, Thoracic VERTEBRAE; PROTECTIVE PERIPHERAL boundary of Thoracic Cavity
- FLATTENED sternum or BREASTBONE is ANTERIOR of MEDIAN SECTION of Thoracic Cage
- FIRST RIB CARTILAGES ATTACH just below CLAVICULAR NOTCH
Sternum
- BODY: large MIDDLE segment; [STERNAL ANGLE] is where MANUBRIUM and BODY MEET & 2nd Rib Cartilage attaches; Lateral edge of REMAINING body has notches for 3rd-7th Rib Cartilages
- XYPHOID Process: INFERIOR segment; Protrusion provides attachment site for certain abdominal muscles
Rib Cage
- 12 PAIRS of Ribs & Costal Cartilages, C-SHAPE
- EACH rib ATTACHES to THORACIC VERTEBRA POSTERIORLY
Rib Cage Classes
- 2 Classes: TRUE/FALSE based on ANTERIOR ATTACHMENT
- Ribs 1-7 TRUE/VERTEBROSTERNAL; ATTACH to STERNUM by COSTAL CARTILAGES
- Ribs 8-12 FALSE; NOT DIRECTLY attached to STERNUM
- [VERTEBROCHONDRAL] Ribs 8-10: ATTACHED to CARTILAGE of 7th Rib; [Costal Margin]-> formed by costal cartilage of Ribs 7-10
- Ribs 11&12 FLOATING/VERTEBRAL; NOT ATTACHED
The Pectoral Girdle
- CLAVICLE & SCAPULA
- Supports 30 BONES that MAKE UP UPPER LIMB
- ALL are components of APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Clavicle
- COLLARBONE
- APPEARS STRAIGHT when viewed ANTERIORLY
- S-SHAPED when viewed SUPERIORLY/INFERIORLY; *ONLY bone of PECTORAL GIRDLE that DIRECTLY articulates with AXIAL SKELETON
- SITS BETWEEN Shoulder & Thoracic Cage, which BRACES and SUPPORTS Upper Limb
- Structure enables it to function like a brace in a building supporting 2 opposing beams
Clavicle End
- BOTH IS DISTINCT & PALPABLE through SKIN
1. Sternal End: articulates medially with Manubrium at [Sternoclavicular Joint]
2. Acromial End: articulates laterally with Acromion process of Scapula at [Acromioclavicular Joint]; [Conoid Tubercle] provides site for attachment of Ligaments near end
Pectoral Girdle
- Triangular Scapula sits on Posterosuperior rib cage BETWEEN 2nd & 7th RIBS;
- BODY IS LARGEST SECTION, and has 3 BORDERS: MEDIAL, LATERAL, and SUPERIOR
- Coracoid Process: HOOK SHAPED projection on ANTERIOR surface
- Subscapular Fossa: INFERIOR to Coracoid Process; Provides attachment site for [Subscapularis Muscle]
Scapula
- Glenoid Cavity: shallow indentation on LATERAL surface; Articulates with Humerus in the Shoulder Joint
- Spine: POSTERIOR ridge of bone; Crosses from MEDIAL to LATERAL along SUPERIOR SCAPULA which TERMINATES as Acromion at Acrominoclavicular Joint (AC)
- Supraspinous Fossa: SUPERIOR to SPINE; [Infraspinous Fossa] INFERIOR also
The Humerus
- LARGEST & STRONGEST bone of UPPER LIMB; ONLY BONE IN ARM [Brachium]
- Consists of 2 Epiphysis, which articulates with other bones and long diaphysis
- Proximal Epiphysis has MEDIALLY oriented, BALL-SHAPED HUMERAL HEAD; Articulates with Glenoid Cavity at Shoulder Joint
- Anatomical Neck is a GROOVE surrounding HEAD
Humerus
- Surgical Neck: proximal epiphysis & diaphysis MEET
- Deltoid Tubercle: MAIN FEATURE of Diapysis; Site of Deltoid Muscle Attachment
- Radial Groove: on POSTERIOR aspect of Diaphysis; Passageway for Radial Nerve
- Distal Epiphysis features [MEDIAL and LATERAL EPICONDYLE]-> providing attachment sites for muscles
Features with Ulna & Radius at Elbow Joint:
- Capitulum: Spherical knob on ANTERIOR and LATERAL aspect of Distal Epiphysis
- Trochlea: SPOOL SHAPED knob on ANTERIOR and MEDIAL aspect of Distal Epiphysis
- Lateral [RADIAL FOSSA] and Medial [CORONOID FOSSA]: small indentation PROXIMAL to Capitulum and Trochlea
Bones of Forearm
- ANTEBRACHIUM
- LATERAL RADIUS and MEDIAL ULNA; Held to one another by Fibrous [Interosseous Membrane]
- BOTH articulate with Humerus proximally and with Carpal bones distally and also at PROXIMAL and DISTAL [Radioulnar Joint]
Radius
-NARROW proximally, and ENLARGES distally
Proximal Epiphysis (RADIAL HEAD) is ROUND & FLATTENED; articulates with Capitulum of Humerus at Elbow Joint and Ulna at Radioulnar Joint
[Radial Neck]-> DISTAL to HEAD and ENDS at [Radial Tuberosity]; LOCATED on MEDIAL aspect of Radius and is an attachment site for Biceps Brachii Muscle
[Ulnar Notch]-> MEDIAL aspect of widened DISTAL Epiphysis and is LOCATED at Radioulnar Joint
Radial Styloid Process
- Lateral tip of Radius, forming the lateral boundary of Wrist;
- Provides Joint Stabilization
Ulna
*WIDEST at proximal epiphysis and it progressively travels distally;
FEATURES: 1.Trochlear Notch is U-SHAPED that articulates with Humerus of Trochlea
2. Olecranon is palpable protrusion on posterior aspect of Trochlear Notch
3. Anterior Lip of Trochlear Notch is [Coronoid Process]
4. Radial Notch of Ulna is Lateral to Coronoid process; Smooth area and articulates with the Radial head
5. Distal Epiphysis is the Ulnar head whose medial side contains small [Styloid Process]
6. Proximal Radius and Ulna articulate with Humerus to form elbow joint
Bones of Wrist *CARPALS
-Wrist [Carpus]: 8 Short Bones (carpals) arranged in 2 rows containing 4 bones each
4 Proximal Carpal Bones
Lateral to Medial
- Scaphoid: BOAT SHAPED, articulates with RADIUS
- Lunate: MOON SHAPED, articulates with RADIUS & ULNA
- Triquetrum: TRIANGULAR, articulates with ULNA
- Pisiform: PEA SHAPED, articulates with ANTERIOR surface of TRIEQUETRUM
4 Distal Carpal Bones
- Trapezium: articulates proximally with Scaphoid
- Trapezoid: articulates with Scaphoid
- Capitate: ROUNDED, articulating proximally with Scaphoid and Lunate
- Hamate: HOOK LIKE, articulating with Triquetrum
Bones of Hand & Fingers
Hand [MANUS] 5 long bones: METACARPALS
- Numbered I-V from lateral to medial, articulating with distal carpal bones and bones of fingers
- Each Metacarpal consists of 3 Parts: Proximal Epiphysis [BASE], Diapysis [BODY], and Distal Epiphysis [HEAD]
Bones of Fingers
-14 Phalanges, each containing a BASE, BODY, & HEAD;
3 Bones of each Finger: PROXIMAL, MIDDLE, & DISTAL PHALANX
-Thumb [POLLEX] consists of ONLY proximal and distal phalanx
Wrist Fractures
- MOST FREQUENTLY INJURED REGION of UPPER LIMB from DIRECT TRAUMA
- Fractures involve DISTAL RADIUS & ULNA; CAN involve Carpal Bones, MAINLY SCAPHOID
- *MOST COMMON IN CHILDREN and ADULTS 60-69; Incidence DECLINES with advancing AGE likely because people fail to catch themselves and fall on their Hip
Symptoms of Wrist Fractures
-Pain & Swelling over area with less mobility; A common misconception is that an individual with a fractured bone will be unable to move the affected part;
Treatment of a Wrist Fracture
VARIES according to SEVERITY & which bone is INJURED; Some have casts and some require surgery
Bones of Pelvic Girdle & Lower Limb
- [Pelvis & bones of Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs] complete the Appendicular Skeleton
- [Hipbones] or [Coxal Bones]-> Os Coxae; Makes up the Pelvic Girdle and articulates with Sacrum
Pelvis
-BOWL-SHAPED; Sacrum & 2 Coxal Bones create a boundary for Pelvic Cavity
Pelvic Inlet
-Oval opening formed by the Sacrum and Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic Brim
-BONY ridge surrounding the Inlet; Defines boundaries between the GREATER & LESSER PELVIS
Greater (false pelvis)
-Area SUPERIOR to Pelvic Brim
Lesser (True Pelvis)
-INFERIOR to BRIM
Pelvic Outlet
-Opening at the INFERIOR boundary of LESSER PELVIS
3 Fused Bones of Each Coxal Bone
- 3 Fused Bones: Ilium, Ishcium, and Pubis
- ALL contribute to [Acetabulum]; Deep socket on the Lateral aspect of Coxal Bone;
- Head of Femur articulates with Acetabulum at Hip Joint
- Ilium & Pubis contribute to [Obturator Foramen]-> opening in each coxal bone through which Nerves and Blood Vessels travel
Ilium
- FORMS Superior portion of Coxal Bone
- [Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)]-> Bony projection at Anterior end of Iliac Crest
- [Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine]-> Inferior to ASIS and is a Smaller ridge
- [Posterior inferior iliac Spine (PSIS)]-> Bony ridge at the Posterior end of Iliac Crest and Inferior to PSIS
Body of Ilium & Parts that make up Ilium
- INFERIOR portion of Ilium
Articulate Line of ilium
-Marks where Ilium forms part of the Pelvic Brim and runs from roughened Posterior Auricular surface
-Smooth Lateral Surface of Ilium features 3 Lines: [GLUTEAL SURFACE]
POSTERIOR, ANTERIOR, and INFERIOR GLUTEAL LINES
*PROVIDES ATTACHMENT SITES FOR GLUTEAL MUSCLES
Ischium
- Ischial [BODY] & [Ramos] forms C-Shaped posteroinferior portion of Coxal Bone
- Posterior [Ischial Bone]-> forms part of Acetabulum
- [Ischial Spine]-> projects posteriorly and medially from body to which ligament from Sacrum attaches
- [Lesser Sciatic Notch]-> Inferior to Spine and provides passageway for blood vessels and nerves
- Anterior [Ischial Ramus]-> forms portion of Obturator Foramen
- Ischial Tuberosity: prominent feature of Posteroinferior aspect of Ischium; BEARS ALL Upper Body’s WEIGHT
Pubis
- Smallest Coxal Bone; 3 parts that approximate C-Shape
- Superior [Pubic Ramus]-> contributes to Acetabulum Structure
- [Pubic Body] & Inferior [Pubic Ramus]-> forms part of boundary of Obturator Foramen
- [Pubic Symphysis]-> joint where 2 pubic bodies are separated by Fibrocartilaginous pad
- [Pubic Arch]-> angle formed by 2 Pubic Bodies, Differs between Gender
Features to Determine Gender:
- FEMALE PELVIS IS MORE WIDER & SHALLOWER THAN MALE
- Shape of Greater Pelvis- Pelvis is wider in Female with flared Iliac Crest; Increases the distance between anterior superior Iliac Spines
- Coccyx & Sacrum- Female Sacrum is *USUALLY wider and shorter than the males; Female Coccyx is *MORE moveable and posteriorly oriented than Male
- [Pelvic Inlet & Outlet]-> Females is wider and oval shaped, whereas Male is narrow and heart shaped; Female Outlet is wider than Male
Acetabula
-Further apart in Females and pointed MORE ANTERIORLY than in Males
Pubic Arch
- Females is between 90 degrees & 100 degrees
- Male Arch is between 60 degrees & 70 degrees
Ischial Tuberosities
- Tends to point more LATERALLY in Females, Males is more MEDIALLY
- Female Pelvis is LIGHTER & LESS ROBUST than Male, DUE TO Greater Muscle Mass and also Body Weight of a Male
Femur
- LARGEST & STRONGEST BONE IN BODY and ONLY bone in THIGH
- Proximal Epiphysis features prominent Spherical [HEAD]; Articulates with Acetabulum at the Hip Joint
- [Forea Capitis]-> Small pit in CENTER of HEAD where small ligament attaches to stabilize the joint
- [NECK]-> DISTAL to HEAD
Greater Trochanter of Femur
-Large Protuberance Lateral to Neck
Lesser Trochanter
-MEDIAL and DISTAL to Greater Trochanter; They are connected by a bony ridge on the ANTERIOR side [INTERTROCHANTER LINE] that continues POSTERIORLY to become [Intertrochanteric West]
Femur Diaphysis exhibits these features:
- [Linea Aspera]-> prominent line running down the posterior shaft, dividing it into 2 lines; This leads to [Medial & Lateral Epicondyle] near Distal Diapysis-> FEMURS WIDEST POINT
- Epicondyles taper down to [Medial & Lateral Condyle] that articulates with Tibia at the Knee Joint
- [Intercondylar Fossa]-> indentation between condyles of posterior distal epiphysis; Smooth Anterior surface is [Patellar Surface]
Patella [KNEECAP]
-Articulates with Patellar Surface on Femur:
[Sesamoid Bone]-> located within tendon of anterior thigh muscle;
[Patellar Ligament]-> distal continuation of this tendon; which inserts into Tibia and secures bone over anterior knee
-Proximal end of Patella is [BASE] and Distal tip is [APEX]
Bones of the Leg
-Tibia & Fibula; Connected by Interosseous Membrane that articulates with one another at proximal & distal [Tibiofibular Joints]
Tibia
- Larger Medial bone of the leg that bears weight of body;
- 2 Concave Depressions: Medial & Lateral Condyles; At proximal end of Tibia articulate with Femoral Condyles in Knee Joint
- Condyles are separated by Ridge called, [Intercondylar Eminence]
Tibial Tuberosity
- Distal to Condyles; Rough projection on anterior surface where patellar ligament attaches;
- Tibial Diaphysis features: Shin or Anterior Crest; Terminates at [Medial Malleolus]-> palpable lump of bone at the ankle
- Flat end of Distal Epiphysis is Articular Surface; Component of the ankle joint
Fibula
-Smaller Lateral bone of the Leg, bearing only 1/6 of the Tibias weight;
Features:
1.[Head of Fibula]-> articulates with lateral tibia proximally at proximal [Tibiofibular Joint]
2.Fibula expands into palpable [Lateral Malleolus]; Distal to Distal [Tibiofibular Joint]
3. Lateral Malleolus articulates with Lateral [Talus], which HELPS stabilize the ankle joint
Bones of Ankle & Foot
STRUCTURE IS SIMILAR to HAND & WRIST
2 CLASSES: TARSALS & METATARSALS
Tarsals
-7 SHORT BONES making up the Ankle Region, which connects the Leg to the Foot;
Proximal Tarsals: TALUS, CALCANEUS, and NAVICULAR
Distal Tarsals from Medial to Lateral:
Medial Cuneiform
Intermediate Cuneiform
Lateral Cuneiform
Cuboid
Dome shaped [TALUS]
ONLY Tarsal bone that ARTICULATES with the LEG BONES
Underside of Talus
- PLANTAR SURFACE*
- Articulates with Dorsal Surface of [Calcaneus]-> HEEL BONE
Posterior Surface of Calcaneus
-Surface provides the attachment site for [Calcaneal Tendon]-> another name for the [Achilles Tendon]
Distal head of Talus articulates with _______
-Boat-shaped Navicular
Metatarsals
Medial to Lateral, Numbered I-V
CONTAINS: Proximal [BASE], Middle [SHAFT], and DISTAL [HEAD]
Phalanges in the Toes
- 14*
- Toes 11-V have Proximal, Middle, & Distal Phalanges; [Great Toe] or [Hallux]-> has ONLY Proximal and Distal Phalanx
Bones on foot don’t normally lie ____ on the ground
- FLAT;
- 3 Arches supported by Ligaments and Muscles help support and distribute body weight
Medial Longitudinal Arch
-Most Prominent Arch that runs along medial side of foot from Calcaneus to Metatarsals -> (I-III)
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
-Runs from lateral Calcaneus to Metatarsals IV-V
Transverse Arch
-Runs along MIDDLE OF FOOT and involves distal tarsals & ALL 5 METATARSALS
TRICKS of Remembering the Bones of Arm & Leg
Stop Letting The People Touch The Cadavers Hand: * HAND= CARPALS S-Scaphoid L-Lunate T-Triquetrum P-Pisiform T-Trapezium T-Trapezoid C-Capitate H-Hamate
Tibia & Fibula
-TIBia & fibuLA: TIB is Thick, INNER BONE
fibuLA is LAteral BONE
This College Needs Me In Lab Classes
*Tarsals, from Proximal to Distal* T- TALLUS C-CALCANEUS N-NAVICULAR M-MEDIAL CUNEIFORM I-INTERMEDIATE CUNEIFORM L-LATERAL CUNEIFORM C-CUBOID
Visual Analogies
- If you turn ULNA on its SIDE, Trochlear Notch is shaped like the letter U
- U for ULNA
To remember where to find Radius:
-Make “THUMBS UP” gesture; Think RADICAL, which reminds you of RADIUS being on SAME SIDE as THUMB
