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A & P I > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The Integumentary System

A
  • Skin

Accounts for 10-15% of body weight; Making it the [LARGEST ORGAN] In the body

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2
Q

Cutaneous Membrane {Skin}

A

-Two Components:

  1. Epidermis: (Superficial) *Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
  2. Dermis: (Deep) to Epidermis and the Basement Membrane; *Loose Connective Tissue & Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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3
Q

Accessory Structures

A
  • Sweat glands, Sebaceous Glands, Hair, & Nails
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4
Q

Sensory Receptors of the Skin

A

-The skin contains both Sensory Receptors and [Arrector Pili Muscles];
(Small bands of Smooth Muscle)

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5
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Avascular;
  • Relies on diffusion of oxygen & nutrients;
  • 50% of Epidermal Cells are too far to maintain life. The layers are entirely made up of Dead Cells;
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6
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • *Superficial Fascia or Subcutaneous Fat; *
  • Deep to Dermis
  • [NOT] part of the skin
  • Made of Loose Connective Tissue & Adipose Tissue
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7
Q

Cellulite

A
  • Dimpled appearance due to Collagen bands forming around the Adipose Tissue in the Hypodermis;
  • Thighs, hips, and gluteal are areas effected most; Influenced by: genetics, gender, amount & distribution of Adipose Tissue, and age
  • Is normal to have
  • Healthy diet and Regular exercise help eliminate this
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8
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A
  1. Protection- [Pathogens]-> Fungi, Viruses, Bacteria
    - Stratified Squamous, Keratinized Epithelium-> Durable and Flexible; Protecting the body from mechanical trauma, such as Stretching, Pressure, or Abrasion
    - Continuous Barrier
    - Destroy’s pathogens
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9
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System;

[Glands]

A
  • Secrete antimicrobial substances;
    ~Sebaceous glands secretes gives the skin surface a slight acidic pH, [Acid Mantle]-> Inhibits growth of many and many pathogens;
    ~Absorption of UV light
    ~Skin secretes hydrophilic lipid-base chemicals
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10
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A
  1. Sensation- Perceive changes in Internal or External surroundings;

~ Skin has sensory receptors or cellular structures that detect changes in Internal or External environment;
~ Receptors detect potentially harmful stimuli, such as heat-cold-pain, that leads to tissue damage

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11
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A
  1. Thermoregulation- Negative feedback loops for stable Internal temperature;
    * 98.6-97.5*

Example :
*Muscle activity in Metabolism

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12
Q

Body Temperature

A
  • When it (Rises above normal), can be caused by extremes of weather or abnormal conditions; Causing fever
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13
Q

Sensory Receptors [Thermoreceptors]

A
  • Control center in Hypothalamus of brain acts as a thermostat or thermoregulatory center; Receives input from thermoreceptors —> Process in which then responds to Sensory Inputs
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14
Q

Control Center Stimulating Sweating

A

-Sweat glands release sweat; Heats when it evaporates, cooling the mechanism

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15
Q

Control Center Stimulating Cutaneous Vasodilation

A
  • Dermal blood vessels widen, [Dilate]
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16
Q

Body Temperature Returning to Normal Range & Cooling Mechanism

A
  • Thermoreceptors no longer sense temperature above normal range, stopping the signaling the Hypothalamus;
  • Thermoreceptors detect body temperature drop below normal range; Relaying to thermoregulatory center in the Hypothalamus
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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Blood vessels in the Dermis narrow, [Vasconstrict] —>Reduces blood flow;
    (Smaller)
  • Limits the heat lost;
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18
Q

Vasoconstriction

A
  • Redirects the blood flow to deeper tissue; Helping conserve heat

Example:
Goosebumps, shivering, & teeth chattering

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19
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

[Excretion]

A
  1. Excretion- Process where waste products and toxins are eliminated;

Example:
Kidneys; Skin makes a small contribution as well

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20
Q

Skin’s role in Vitamin D Synthesis

A
  • Precursor: cholecalciferol when the epidermis is exposed to UV radiation;
  • Cholecalciferol: released into blood; Modified to form [Calcitroil]-> active form of Vitamin D
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21
Q

Vitamin D

A
  • Required for calcium ion absorption;

- Calcium Ion: Critical for nerve function, muscle contraction, building & maintaining of bone tissue;

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22
Q

Epidermis

A

Most Superficial Layer

  • Keratinocytes: makes up 95% of Epidermis; Makes Epidermis stronger and less susceptible to mechanical trauma;
    1. Manufacture Karatin-> tough fibrous protein
    2. Linked together by desmosomes
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23
Q

Epidermal Strata Layers: 4-5 layers

A
  1. Stratum Basale layer: (single layer) of (stem cells) (resting) on the (basement membrane); The most Metabolically and Mitotically active Strata
    - Involved in Vitamin D Synthesis
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24
Q

Epidermal Strata Layers: 2nd layer [Stratum Spinosum]

A
  • Thickest layer;

- Metabolically and Mitotically active

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25
Q

Epidermal Strata Layers: 3rd layer [Stratum Granulosome]

A
  • Keratin bundles or a Lipid Base substance;
  • Waterproofing due to its hydrophobic nature;
  • Leads to Isolation and the death of cells in this layer
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26
Q

Epidermal Strata Layers: 4th layer [ Stratum Lucidum]

A
  • Clear, dead Keratinocytes;

- Found [ONLY] in [Thick Skin]

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27
Q

Epidermal Strata Layers: 5th layer [Stratum Corneum]

A
    • Outermost layer of Epidermis;*
  • Several layers of dead flattened keratinocytes;
  • Sloughed off or Exfoliated mechanically; Shed skin—> Dust
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28
Q

Strata Epidermis Tip to Remembering

A 
“Brilliant Studying Gives Loads of Confidence”: 
B= Basale
S=Spinosum
G=Granulosom
L=Lucidum
C=Corneum
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29
Q

Keratinocyte Life Cycle

A
  • Location & Function of the Epidermis subject to physical and environmental stress;
  • Stratum Cornea constantly sheds dead cells;
  • Dead keratinocytes are replaced by [Mitosis] in the Stratum Basale and Spinosum
  • Keratinocytes divide and push cells more into superficial layers
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30
Q

Keratinocyte Life Cycle…

A
  • Keratinocytes (begin life) in the (Stratum Basale) or (Spinosum);
  • (Passes) through (each) (Epidermal layer);
  • Sheds from Stratum Corneum;
  • (Migration) takes (40-50 days) to (complete);
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31
Q

Dendrite Langerhans Cells

A
  • In Stratum Spinosum;

- Phagocytes of Immune System

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32
Q

Markel Cells

A
  • Oval shaped
  • Sensory receptors
  • Detect light touch & discriminates shapes and textures
  • Specialized for touch; (fingertips, lips, base of hair)
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33
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • In Stratum Basale

- Produces [Melanin]-> Skin Pigment

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34
Q

Thick & Thin Skin

A
  • Body differentiates to match it’s certain function;

- Palms of hand & Sole of foot (Greater Chance here) of mechanical stress;

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35
Q

Thick Skin

A
  • Paper Towel texture*
  • Does [NOT] have Hair Follicles
  • Contains many Sweat Glands
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36
Q

Thin Skin

A
  • Paper thin texture*
  • Stratum Lucidum is missing
  • Hairs, Sweat glands, and Sebaceous glands are present
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37
Q

Callus

A
  • Additional layer of Stratum Corneum

- Repetitive pressure

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38
Q

Dermis

A
  • Highly Vascular
  • Deep to Epidermis

Functions:
Provides blood supply
Contains sensory receptors
Anchors epidermis

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39
Q

1st layer of Dermis

A

Papillary Layer- thinner and most superficial layer of the two;

  • Stratum Basale-> Basement Membrane
  • Special Collagen fibers; Anchors epidermis to dermis
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40
Q

2nd layer of Dermis

A

Dermal Papillae- tiny projections at the surface;

  • Contains [Capillaries]-> tiny blood vessels; In loops extending up in the superficial part of Dermal Papillae
  • Allows oxygen & nutrients to diffuse ECF into the Dermis; Then into the Avascular Epidermis

Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscles:

  • In Dermal Papillae;
  • Sensory receptors
  • Responds to light touch
  • More numerous where Sensation is the Function
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41
Q

Reticular Layer

A
  • Bottom of Dermis*
  • Rich in Proteoglycans that draw water
  • Keeps skin firm & hydrated
    • Cleavage lines & Flexure lines*

Lamellated (Pacinian) Corpuscles:
-Sensory receptors
- Respond to changes in pressure & vibration associated with Skin
Located : Blood vessels, Sweat glands, Hairs, Sebaceous glands, and Adipose tissue

42
Q

Skin Markings

A

-Small (visible lines) in Epidermis created by (Interaction) between (Dermis & Epidermis)

43
Q

Dermal Ridges

A
  • Area where (Dermal Papillae) are more (prominent) (due to) presence of (thick Collagen bundles)
  • Indent overlying Epidermis to create Epidermal Ridges; Occurs in loops, arches, & whorls-> Enhances the gripping ability of both hands & feet
  • Sweat pores open, leaving a thin film or fingerprint on things touched
44
Q

Tension (Cleavage) Lines

A
  • Indentations in Epidermis
45
Q

Flexure Lines

A
  • Deep creases
46
Q

Skin Wrinkles

A
  • Age
  • Decrease in Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, proteoglycans, & adipose tissue in the Dermis
  • Reduces the skins firmness, hydration, and recoil ability after stretching; Around eyes, Forehead, & Mouth
47
Q

3 ways to minimize Wrinkled Skin :

A
  1. Botox- smoother skin appearance
  2. Fillers- adipose tissue, collagen, and proteoglycans
  3. Topical Creams- reduce wrinkle appearance
48
Q

Melanin

A

Various amounts of orange-red pigment [TO] black protein pigment;

  • Produced by Melanocytes in Stratum Basale of Epidermis
  • Composed of the amino acid [Tyrosine]-> tyrosine chemically binds by enzyme [Tyrosinase]; Reactions occur within a special vehicle known as [Melanosome]

*Protecting DNA from Mutations, included by UV Radiation *

49
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • In contact with Keratinocytes of the [Stratum Basale]-> Living layer & the Spinosum;
50
Q

Melanosomes

A
  • Migrate and is released by Exocytosis; Absorbed of Keratinocytes
51
Q

Melanin …

A
  • Transported to the [Superficial Side]-> Top, Umbrella
    of the nucleus;
  • [MUST] be made continuously to maintain a consistent skin color as it degrades after days
  • Increases with exposure to natural/artificial UV Radiation; UV light causes DNA damage in Melanocytes
  • People of all skin pigmentations can develop sunburn & are at risk for skin cancers*
52
Q

Secondary Function of Melanin

A
  • Reduce Synthesis of Vitamin D*
    • less calcium ion absorption
  • Exposure to high amounts of UV prevents excess Vitamin D (Africa)
  • Less exposure of UV allows individuals to develop lighter skin, allowing enough for Vitamin D Synthesis
  • (Skin color) (depends) on the (number) of (Melanocytes); Fewer are located on the Palms of hand & Sole of feet
  • (Skin tone) is (due to) the (difference) in the (amount) of (Tyrosinase & Melanin Type-Color)
53
Q

Variations of Pigmentation

A

-Freckle: Increased Pigmentation; SPOT
-Mole or Nevus: Increased Area of Pigmentation; (# of cells)
Due to proliferation, there is no increase in Melanin production (enzyme)
-Albanism: Melanocytes fail (Albino)

54
Q

Tanning

A
  • $5 billion a years spent
  • Salons promotes notion of “healthy tan”*—> NO SUCH THING
  • UVA & UVB are associated with Sunburning, leading salons to claim UVA rays are safe
55
Q

1st Minor Pigment effect Skin Pigmentation :

A
  1. Carotene: yellow-orange pigment
    (egg yolks or orange vegetables)
    - Lipid soluble in Stratum Corneum
    - Slight yellow-orange color in parts
56
Q

2nd Minor Pigment effect Skin Pigmentation :

A
  1. Hemoglobin:
    - Found in Red Blood cells
    - Iron containing Protein
    - Transports oxygen
  • Oxygen binds to Iron in an Oxidation Reaction; Same type of reaction causing Iron to rust
  • Hemoglobin effect is an indirect result of blood flow in Dermis
57
Q

Color Change

A

Associated with amount of blood flow in the Dermis

Erythemia : increases, making the skin more reddish
-Color change can be a response to exercise;
Conditions that cause Erythemia: Trauma, Fever, Infection

Pallor: decreases, resulting in the loss of normal pinkish hue; Most visible in pale skinned individuals

  • Normal response when the body is trying to conserve heat;
  • Can occur in the Endocrine System
58
Q

Hair

A
  • Provides protection preventing substances & organisms from entering the eyes and nose;
  • Protects scalp from UV radiation & mechanical trauma
  • Associated with a small sensory neuron; Role in detecting change in environment
59
Q

Hair Pili

A

-Small filaments that protrude from the skins surface over the entire body [EXCEPT] regions with thick skin, lips & parts of external genetalia

60
Q

2 Main Parts of Hair

A
  1. Shaft- portion of hair that protects from skin’s surface; made up of dead keratinized cells
  2. Root- embedded in Dermis;
    - Indented at the base by protection of blood vessels from [Hair Papillae]
    - Root & Hair Papillae are known as [Hair Bulb]
    - Many Epithelial cells in root are alive, due to not completing the keratinization process
61
Q

Both Shaft & Root are made up of?

A

Stratified Squamous Keratinized Cells

62
Q

Matrix

A
  • Base of the Root; Actively divides
  • Root is embedded in the Hair Follicle
  • Infolding of the Epidermis, -> [Epithelial Root Sheath]-> extends into dermis or hypodermis
63
Q

3 Visible Regions of Matrix

A
  • Inner Medulla- Soft core; Composed of Soft Keratin
  • Middle Cortex- Layers of Keratinocytes; Contains Hard Keratin; Provides strength to strand
  • Outermost Cuticle- Single overlapping layer of Keratinocytes; Contains Hard Keratin
64
Q

Dermal Root Sheath

A

Surrounding Epithelial Root

  • Smooth muscle known as, [Arrector Pili Muscles]
  • Contraction causes hair to stand, [Piloerection] giving skin “goosebumps”
65
Q

Hair Growth

A

1-1.5 cm per month AVG; Varies between Individuals

  1. GROWTH STAGE: Mitosis occurs in Matrix: Can take a month or six years-> depends on location
  2. RESTING STAGE: Matrix ends as cell’s die; Follicle shortens & the hair is pushed to the surface where it is dormant for at least a month or two; Falls out by new hair pushing it out & the new hair is now in growth stage
66
Q

Types of Hair & Texture

A

-Lanugo: thin, non pigmented hair; Covers entire body of a fetus, it is then replaced with 1-2 hair types after it has fell out: 1. Terminal Hair or 2. Vellus Hair

67
Q

Terminal Hair

A
  • Thick, coarse, & pigmented hair
  • Surrounds the eyes and the scalp

*Replaces lots of Vellus hair after puberty; Varies by gender with more hair replacement *

68
Q

Vellus Hair

A

-Thinner, non pigmented hair

69
Q

Development of Hair Color

A

-Determined by the Melanin produced in the Matrix by, [Melanocytes];
Blonde hair= Little Melanin
Black hair= Lot of Melanin
Red hair= Reddish pigment, containing Iron

*Melanocytes produce less Melanin with aging, resulting in hair becoming gray or white

70
Q

Nails

A

-Stratified Squamous Epithelium filled with Hard Keratin

71
Q

Nail Plate

A

-Most visible component of nail; Sits on top of an underlying Epidermal nail

72
Q

Nail Body

A

-Visible portion; Nail plate

73
Q

Nail Root

A

-Portion of plate that lies under skin

74
Q

What is a Nail?

A

-Folded region of skin surround & reinforce the nail plate;
3 Types: Proximal nail fold, Medial & Lateral nail fold, & Distal of Free Edge of nail plate

75
Q

Proximal Nail Fold

A
  • Distal edge of this fold is, [Eponychium]-> Cuticle;

- Consists of [ONLY] Stratum Corneum

76
Q

Medial & Lateral Nail Fold

A

-On Medial & Lateral edges of Nail Plate

77
Q

Distal of Free Edge of Nail Plate

A

-Attached to the underlying nail bed, [Hyponychium]

78
Q

Where does Nail Growth occur?

A

-Nail Matrix; Actively dividing cells push the neighboring Keratinocytes distally

79
Q

Nails [DO NOT] contain Melanocytes. Why?

A

-Due to them mostly being translucent [EXCEPT] at the region, [Lunula]->half-moon shaped region of the proximal nail plate, representing an accumulation of Keratin;

80
Q

Primary Function of the Nail

A

-Protection of underlying tissue; Distal tip of Fingers & Toes

81
Q

Two Glands the Skin Contains ?

A
  1. Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands- Produce Sweat

2. Sebaceous Glands- Produce Oily Sebum

82
Q

1st Type of Sweat Glands

[Eccrine]

A
  • Most prevalent type
  • Coiled tubular glands found in Dermis
  • Sweat containing water, waste products, & electrolytes
  • Exits from duct through a [Sweat Pore] onto the Epidermal Surface
83
Q

2nd Type of Sweat Glands:

[Apocrine]

A
  • Large glands into a hair follicle
  • Secretions can become [Odoriferous]-> smelly, once skin bacteria metabolizes their contents
  • Influenced by sex hormones; Active after puberty
84
Q

3rd Type of Sweat Glands:

[Ceruminous]

A

-Release a thick secretion called, [Cerumen]-> car wax
into hair follicles
-Cerumen traps incoming particles; Also lubricant

85
Q

4th Type of Sweat Glands:

[Mammary]

A

-Highly specialized sweat glands that produce a sweat product, Milk

86
Q

Sebaceous Gland

A
  • Branched of secreting cells called Acini
  • Coverage to form a central duct that empties into a hair follicle or a small pore

Found everywhere on body [EXCEPT] palms & soles Greatest number is found on the face & scalp

87
Q

Sebum

A
  • Waxy, oily mixture of mostly Lipids (fats)
  • Secretory cells accumulate around the Sebum until the cell ruptures
  • Contains cellular fragments & debris
  • Coats hair
  • Inhibits growth of or kills certain bacteria *
88
Q

Acne

A

-Plugged Hair Follicle containing oil and dead skin cells

89
Q

Acne Vulgaris

A

-Affects 96% of adolescents & young adults

Cause: accumulation of sebum and dead cells; [Comedone]-> blackhead
becomes infected by Propionibacterium acne, resulting in Inflammation and formation of a [Pustule]-> pimple

*Can be severe & can cause scarring *

90
Q

Wound

A

-Disruption in the skin’s integrity

Includes:
Lacerations, Burns, Skin Cancers

91
Q

Burn

A
  • Wound caused by heat, extreme cold, electricity, chemicals and/or radiation
  • Grouped into 3 classes according to the extent and depth of damage
92
Q 
1st class of a Burn:
[1st Degree]
A
  • Superficial, One layer
  • Only damages the Epidermis
  • Skin may develop [Erythemia]
93
Q 
2nd class of a Burn:
[Second degree]
A
  • Partial thickness burn
  • Involves the Epidermis & part of or all of Dermis (2 layer)
  • Results in Pain, Blistering, and Scarring
94
Q 
3rd class of a Burn:
[Third Degree]
A
  • Full thickness burn
  • 3 layer
  • Most damaging wound
  • Involves the Epidermis, Dermis, & Hypodermis
  • Not painfull at first due to nerves being destroyed
95
Q

Rule of Nines

A
  • Body is divided into 11 areas, representing 9% of total body area
  • Useful tool for grading extent of burn
96
Q

Skin Cancer

A
  • Mutation in DNA that includes a cell to lose control of cell cycle;
  • Unchecked by cell division, leading to the formation of a large population
  • Cancerous tumors can metastasize, in which the cells spread through the blood or lymphatic system
97
Q

1st Type of Affecting Skin Cancer:

[Basale Cell Carcinoma]

A
  • Most common of all cancer types

- Appears as a nodule with a central crater

98
Q

2nd Type of Affecting Skin Cancer:

[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]

A
  • Second most common
  • Cancer of Keratinocytes of Stratum Spinosum
  • Scaly plaques may ulcerated & bleed ( normally found on head or neck)
  • Tumors more likely to metastasize, which leads to them being surgically removed
99
Q

3rd Type of Affecting Skin Cancer:

[Malignant Melanoma]

A
  • Cancer of Melanocytes
  • Early detection is Critical due to the metastasize tendency
  • “Arms” of Melanocytes access Dermal blood vessels; Enables cells to spread to other tissues
  • Treated with surgical removal & possible other options such as radiation or chemotherapy
  • Prognosis depends on size of tumor, and depth into the Dermis
100
Q

Cancer Distinguished by ABCDE:

A 
A=Asymmetrical Shape; Two Un-matching Sides
B=Border Irregularity;
C=Color; Blue-Black or Variety 
D=Diameter; Larger than 6mm
E=Evolving; Changing Shape

A & P I (14 decks)

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