Chapter 1

Question 1

Chemical Level

Answer 1

Smallest non living cell level;

Atoms to molecules

Question 2

Cellular level

Answer 2

Different molecule groups combined to form structures

Question 3

Tissue level

Answer 3

Cells and ECM;

Containing two or more cell types

Question 4

Organ level

Answer 4

Two or more tissues that form an organ;

Shape and tasks—Nerve tissue, connective, smooth muscle, and epithelial tissue

Question 5

Organ system level

Answer 5

Groups of organs working together that make up a system;
(Two or more)
Includes : digestive and cardio system

Question 6

Organism level

Answer 6

Groups of organs that work to make up an organism

Question 7

Gradient core principle

Answer 7

Temperature, concentration, and pressure gradient;

DIFFERENCE

Question 8

Negative feedback loop

Answer 8

Change in a variable in (ONE) direction resulting in actions that (MOVE) variable to (OPPOSITE) direction;

Question 9

Positive feedback loop

Answer 9

Change in a (VARIABLE) resulting in actions that (AMPLIFY) change;
Example - Blood Clotting

Question 10

Effector

Answer 10

Control center signals other cells or organs;

Example- delivering a baby

Question 11

Response

Answer 11

Returns variable to normal range value

Question 12

Stimulus

Answer 12

Detected by cellular structure called a Sensor ( RECEPTOR)

Question 13

Control center

Answer 13

Signals (EFFECTORS) causing a (RESPONSE) that return variable to normal range

Question 14

Sagittal plane

Answer 14

(VERTICAL)

Divides body into (right) and (left) sections

Question 15

Mid/Median Sagittal plane

Answer 15

Divides body into (EQUAL) right and left sections;

Only medial or median if line passes at the midline

Question 16

Parasagittal plane

Answer 16

Divides the body into (UNEQUAL) right and left sections;

Only considered when line doesn’t pass through

Question 17

Frontal plane

Answer 17

(CORONAL)
Divides the body into (ANTERIOR) and (POSTERIOR) sections;
Sideways

Question 18

Anterior

Answer 18

Ventral (Front);
Example - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic;
Example- The esophagus is_____ to the spinal cord.

Question 19

Posterior

Answer 19

Dorsal (Back);
Example- Cranial and Vertebral
Example - The occipital bone is on the ____ cranium (skull).

Question 20

Transverse plane

Answer 20

Divides the body into (SUPERIOR) and (INFERIOR) sections or (PROXIMAL) and (DISTAL) sections
horizontal

Question 21

Superior

Answer 21

Cranial ( Upper); Towards head.
Example- The nose is ___ to the mouth.
The neck is ___ to the chest.

Question 22

Inferior

Answer 22

Caudal (Lower);
Below
Example- head, neck, and trunk positions
Example- The nose is ___ to the forehead.
The umbilicus is ____ to the chest.

Question 23

Proximal

Answer 23

Closer to origin of point;
Example- The knee is ___ to the ankle.
The shoulder is ____ to the elbow.

Question 24

Distal

Answer 24

Farther from point or origin;
Example- The foot is ___ to the hip.
The wrist is ___to the elbow.

Question 25

Oblique plane

Answer 25

Angle; | Diagonal section

Question 26

Axial

Answer 26

Head, neck, and trunk

Question 27

Appendicular

Answer 27

Upper and Lower limbs

Question 28

Anatomical position

Answer 28

Body facing upright; Palms forward; Arms at sides;

Question 29

Medial

Answer 29

Closer to midline; Example- The ear is ____ to the shoulder. The index finger is ____ to the thumb.

Question 30

Lateral

Answer 30

Farther from midline; Example - The shoulder is ___to the chest. The thumb is ____ the to the index finger.

Question 31

Superficial

Answer 31

Closer to the body’s surface; Example - The skin is ___ to the muscle. Muscle is ___ to bone.

Question 32

Deep

Answer 32

Further from the body’s surface *Inside body* Example - Bone is ___ to skin. Bone is ___ to muscle.

Question 33

Contralateral

Answer 33

Opposing side;

Question 34

Ipsilateral

Answer 34

Same side;

Question 35

Intermediate

Answer 35

Between;

Question 36

What divides the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 36

Diaphragm

Question 37

Thoracic cavity divides into:

Answer 37

Pleural cavity, Mediastinum, and the Pericardial cavity; | *Superior to diaphragm*

Question 38

Pleural cavity

Answer 38

Left or right lung;

Question 39

Mediastinum

Answer 39

Houses the heart, vessels, trachea, and the esophagus;

Question 40

Pericardial cavity

Answer 40

Within the mediastinum;

Question 41

Abdominopelvic cavity divides into:

Answer 41

Superior abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity; *Inferior to diaphragm* Contains : Organs from the digestive, lymphatic, urinary, and reproductive systems

Question 42

Peritoneal cavity

Answer 42

Abdominal sub cavity within serous membrane;

Question 43

4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants:

Answer 43

``` Right upper (RUQ) Left upper (LUQ) Right lower (RLQ) Left lower (LLQ) * viewers sight is opposite* ```

Question 44

9 Abdominopelvic Regions :

Answer 44

(TOP to BOTTOM) Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region; Right lumbar region, Umbilical region, Left lumbar region; Right iliac region, Hypogastric region, Left iliac region;

Question 45

Serous Fluid

Answer 45

A thin fluid layer between (TWO MEMBRANE) layers;

Question 46

Pleural Membranes

Answer 46

Outer (PARIETAL PLEURA- Thoracic wall) and Inner (VISCERAL PLEURA- Lung surface)

Question 47

Pericardial Membranes

Answer 47

Outer (PARIETAL PERICARDIUM- separating heart from mediastinum) and Inner (VISCERAL PERICARDIUM- on heart muscle)

Question 48

Peritoneal Membranes

Answer 48

Outer (PARIETAL PERITONEUM- abdominal organs) and Inner (VISCERAL PERITONEUM)

Question 49

Endocrine System

Answer 49

(PSYCHOLOGY) Regulates body functions : muscle functions, glands, and hormone secretion; (ANATOMY) Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes (male) and ovaries (female);

Question 50

Cardiovascular System

Answer 50

(PSYCHOLOGY) Pumps and delivers (poor) oxygen blood to lungs and (rich) oxygen blood to tissues, removes wastes from tissues, and transports cells, nutrients, and other substances; (ANATOMY) Blood vessels and the heart;

Question 51

Integumentary System

Answer 51

(PSYCHOLOGY) Protects body from outside environment, produces vitamin D, retains water, and regulates body temp (ANATOMY) Hair, skin, and nails;

Question 52

Skeletal System

Answer 52

(PSYCHOLOGY) Supports body, protects internal organs, provides movement, produces blood cells, and stores calcium salts; (ANATOMY) Bones and Joints;

Question 53

Muscular System

Answer 53

(PSYCHOLOGY) Produces movement, controls body openings, and generates heat; (ANATOMY) Skeletal muscles;

Question 54

Nervous System

Answer 54

(PSYCHOLOGY) Regulates body functions : provides sensation, movement, automatic function, and high mental function; (ANATOMY) Brain, Spinal cord, and Nerves;

Question 55

Lymphatic System

Answer 55

(PSYCHOLOGY) Returns excess tissue fluid to cardio system and provides immunity; (ANATOMY) Tonsils, Lymph nodes, Thymus, Spleen, and Lymphatic vessels;

Question 56

Respiratory System

Answer 56

(PSYCHOLOGY) Delivers oxygen to the blood, removes carbon dioxide from body, and maintains acid-base balance of blood; (ANATOMY) Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, and Lungs;

Question 57

Digestive System

Answer 57

(PSYCHOLOGY) Digests food, absorbs nutrients into blood, removes food waste, and maintains fluid-electrolyte-acid - base balance; (ANATOMY) Mouth, Salivary glands, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Large intestine, and Small intestine;

Question 58

Urinary System

Answer 58

(PSYCHOLOGY) Removes waste from blood, maintains fluid-electrolyte-acid - base balance, and stimulates blood cell production; (ANATOMY) Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, and Urethra;

Question 59

Reproductive System | MALE

Answer 59

(PSYCHOLOGY) Produces and transports sperm, secretes hormones, and is a sexual function; (ANATOMY) Prostate gland, Ductus deferens, Testis, and Penis;

Question 60

Reproductive System | FEMALE

Answer 60

(PSYCHOLOGY) Produces and transports eggs, site of fetal development-nourishment-childbirth-lactation, secretes hormones, and is a sexual function; (ANATOMY) Mammary glands, Uterine tube, Ovary, Uterus, and Vagina;