Chapter 1 Flashcards
Chemical Level
Smallest non living cell level;
Atoms to molecules
Cellular level
Different molecule groups combined to form structures
Tissue level
Cells and ECM;
Containing two or more cell types
Organ level
Two or more tissues that form an organ;
Shape and tasks—Nerve tissue, connective, smooth muscle, and epithelial tissue
Organ system level
Groups of organs working together that make up a system;
(Two or more)
Includes : digestive and cardio system
Organism level
Groups of organs that work to make up an organism
Gradient core principle
Temperature, concentration, and pressure gradient;
DIFFERENCE
Negative feedback loop
Change in a variable in (ONE) direction resulting in actions that (MOVE) variable to (OPPOSITE) direction;
Positive feedback loop
Change in a (VARIABLE) resulting in actions that (AMPLIFY) change;
Example - Blood Clotting
Effector
Control center signals other cells or organs;
Example- delivering a baby
Response
Returns variable to normal range value
Stimulus
Detected by cellular structure called a Sensor ( RECEPTOR)
Control center
Signals (EFFECTORS) causing a (RESPONSE) that return variable to normal range
Sagittal plane
(VERTICAL)
Divides body into (right) and (left) sections
Mid/Median Sagittal plane
Divides body into (EQUAL) right and left sections;
Only medial or median if line passes at the midline
Parasagittal plane
Divides the body into (UNEQUAL) right and left sections;
Only considered when line doesn’t pass through
Frontal plane
(CORONAL)
Divides the body into (ANTERIOR) and (POSTERIOR) sections;
Sideways
Anterior
Ventral (Front);
Example - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic;
Example- The esophagus is_____ to the spinal cord.
Posterior
Dorsal (Back);
Example- Cranial and Vertebral
Example - The occipital bone is on the ____ cranium (skull).
Transverse plane
Divides the body into (SUPERIOR) and (INFERIOR) sections or (PROXIMAL) and (DISTAL) sections
horizontal
Superior
Cranial ( Upper); Towards head.
Example- The nose is ___ to the mouth.
The neck is ___ to the chest.
Inferior
Caudal (Lower);
Below
Example- head, neck, and trunk positions
Example- The nose is ___ to the forehead.
The umbilicus is ____ to the chest.
Proximal
Closer to origin of point;
Example- The knee is ___ to the ankle.
The shoulder is ____ to the elbow.
Distal
Farther from point or origin;
Example- The foot is ___ to the hip.
The wrist is ___to the elbow.
Oblique plane
Angle;
Diagonal section
Axial
Head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
Upper and Lower limbs
Anatomical position
Body facing upright;
Palms forward;
Arms at sides;
Medial
Closer to midline;
Example- The ear is ____ to the shoulder.
The index finger is ____ to the thumb.
Lateral
Farther from midline;
Example - The shoulder is ___to the chest.
The thumb is ____ the to the index finger.
Superficial
Closer to the body’s surface;
Example - The skin is ___ to the muscle.
Muscle is ___ to bone.
Deep
Further from the body’s surface
Inside body
Example - Bone is ___ to skin.
Bone is ___ to muscle.
Contralateral
Opposing side;
Ipsilateral
Same side;
Intermediate
Between;
What divides the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?
Diaphragm
Thoracic cavity divides into:
Pleural cavity, Mediastinum, and the Pericardial cavity;
Superior to diaphragm
Pleural cavity
Left or right lung;
Mediastinum
Houses the heart, vessels, trachea, and the esophagus;
Pericardial cavity
Within the mediastinum;
Abdominopelvic cavity divides into:
Superior abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity;
Inferior to diaphragm
Contains : Organs from the digestive, lymphatic, urinary, and reproductive systems
Peritoneal cavity
Abdominal sub cavity within serous membrane;
4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants:
Right upper (RUQ) Left upper (LUQ) Right lower (RLQ) Left lower (LLQ) * viewers sight is opposite*
9 Abdominopelvic Regions :
(TOP to BOTTOM)
Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region;
Right lumbar region, Umbilical region, Left lumbar region;
Right iliac region, Hypogastric region, Left iliac region;
Serous Fluid
A thin fluid layer between (TWO MEMBRANE) layers;
Pleural Membranes
Outer (PARIETAL PLEURA- Thoracic wall) and Inner (VISCERAL PLEURA- Lung surface)
Pericardial Membranes
Outer (PARIETAL PERICARDIUM- separating heart from mediastinum) and Inner (VISCERAL PERICARDIUM- on heart muscle)
Peritoneal Membranes
Outer (PARIETAL PERITONEUM- abdominal organs) and Inner (VISCERAL PERITONEUM)
Endocrine System
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Regulates body functions : muscle functions, glands, and hormone secretion;
(ANATOMY)
Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes (male) and ovaries (female);
Cardiovascular System
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Pumps and delivers (poor) oxygen blood to lungs and (rich) oxygen blood to tissues, removes wastes from tissues, and transports cells, nutrients, and other substances;
(ANATOMY)
Blood vessels and the heart;
Integumentary System
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Protects body from outside environment, produces vitamin D, retains water, and regulates body temp
(ANATOMY)
Hair, skin, and nails;
Skeletal System
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Supports body, protects internal organs, provides movement, produces blood cells, and stores calcium salts;
(ANATOMY)
Bones and Joints;
Muscular System
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Produces movement, controls body openings, and generates heat;
(ANATOMY)
Skeletal muscles;
Nervous System
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Regulates body functions : provides sensation, movement, automatic function, and high mental function;
(ANATOMY)
Brain, Spinal cord, and Nerves;
Lymphatic System
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Returns excess tissue fluid to cardio system and provides immunity;
(ANATOMY)
Tonsils, Lymph nodes, Thymus, Spleen, and Lymphatic vessels;
Respiratory System
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Delivers oxygen to the blood, removes carbon dioxide from body, and maintains acid-base balance of blood;
(ANATOMY)
Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, and Lungs;
Digestive System
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Digests food, absorbs nutrients into blood, removes food waste, and maintains fluid-electrolyte-acid - base balance;
(ANATOMY)
Mouth, Salivary glands, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Large intestine, and Small intestine;
Urinary System
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Removes waste from blood, maintains fluid-electrolyte-acid - base balance, and stimulates blood cell production;
(ANATOMY)
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, and Urethra;
Reproductive System
MALE
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Produces and transports sperm, secretes hormones, and is a sexual function;
(ANATOMY)
Prostate gland, Ductus deferens, Testis, and Penis;
Reproductive System
FEMALE
(PSYCHOLOGY)
Produces and transports eggs, site of fetal development-nourishment-childbirth-lactation, secretes hormones, and is a sexual function;
(ANATOMY)
Mammary glands, Uterine tube, Ovary, Uterus, and Vagina;
