Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P I > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Has weight and occupies space and forms 3 mixtures;

3 States : SOLID, LIQUID, and GAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest unit of matter;

Subatomic particles: ELECTRONS, NEUTRONS, and PROTONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Electrons

A

(0-) Negative charge;

OUTSIDE NUCLEUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral charge;

* IN NUCLEUS*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Protons

A

Positive charge;

* IN NUCLEUS CORE*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Electron Shells

A

Region surrounding atomic nucleus-Electrons Exist;

  • 1st shell* - 2 electrons
  • 2nd shell* - 8 electrons
  • 3rd shell* - 18 electrons “satisfied with 8”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons;

Represented by chemical symbols;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 Elements of the Human Body:

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen;

7 mineral elements and 13 trace elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mass Number

A

Number of protons and neutrons;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms that have (SAME ATOMIC NUMBER) but (DIFFERENT ATOMIC WEIGHT);

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Radiation therapy (Cancer);

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Radiotracers

A

Used by camera that shows shape, size, and activity of organs & cells;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Suspension

A

Type of mixture
Will settle out (blood);
Unevenly distributed particles;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Colloids

A

2nd type of mixture
Small evenly distributed particles;
Will Not settle out;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Solutions

A

3rd type of mixture
Small evenly distributed particles;
Will Not settle out;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Solute

A

Where substance dissolves;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Solvent

A

Substance dissolves in the solute;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Holds atoms of a molecule or compound together;

  • Molecule- chemical bond.
  • Compound- formed when two or more atoms from different elements combine.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Molecular Formula

A

Used by letters and numbers;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Duet Rule

A

Atoms with 5 or less electrons;

  • hydrogen and helium * -example
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Holds ions together by force (metal to nonmetal);

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cation

A

Positive charged; metal loses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged; nonmetal gains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Atoms of 2 or more sharing electrons;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Electronegativity

A

Proton attraction;

  • Fluorine= most electric element*
  • INCREASES FROM BOTTOM left to UPPER RIGHT*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Non-polar Covalent Bond

A

Attraction is an equal force between two nonmetals;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Attraction is unequal;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak attraction between one positive end of dipole and one negative end of dipole;
Key property of WATER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Occurs when bonds form or old ones break;

Foundation of all Life Processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Chemical Notation

A

Symbols and abbreviations;

Shows what occurs in Chemical Equation

Two parts:
Reactants - (left) Starting
Product - (right) Result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Reversible Reaction

A

Can go in either direction;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Irreversible Reaction

A

Left to right;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Energy

A

Do work or put matter into motion;

Two Forms
Potential - stored, released later.
Kinetic - potential energy, already released so in motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Energy Forms in the Human Body:

A

Chemical, Electrical, and Mechanical energy;

Chemical- bonds between atoms; STORAGE

Electrical- generated by movement; NERVE IMPULSE

Mechanical- transferred energy from one object to the other; MUSCLE PULL ON BONES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

IN

Absorbs energy;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

OUT

Release of energy;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

3 types of Chemical Reactions:

A

Catabolic, Exchange, and Anabolic;

Catabolic- decomposition
AB -> A + B

Exchange (SWAP) - ph neutralization
AB + CD—> AD + BC

Anabolic (Synthesis) - building of DNA replication
AB—> A+ B =
A +B —> AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Oxidation-Reduction

A

Redox( exchange) reaction;
EXERGONIC

Oxidized- reactant LOSING electrons (+)

Reduced- reactant GAINS electrons (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Activation Energy

A

Ea= energy required for chemical reactions;

TRANSITION STATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Factors that Increase Reaction Rate by Reduced Activation Energy:

A

Concentration- how many molecules present (increase collision between reactants)

Temperature- movement (leads to more forceful collisions)

Reactant Properties- characteristic ( size & phase - solid, liquid, gas)

Presence or Absence of Catalyst- helper (lowers activation energy, which increases reaction rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Catalyst

A

Enzyme

SPEEDS up chemical reactions by LOWERING activation energy;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Induced-fit Mechanism

A

Enzymes interaction with subtrates;

Binds subtrates that causes small shape change, which brings subtrate to the transition state;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Enzyme deficiency’s

Tay-Sachs

A

Lack of hexosaminidase;

Ganglosides accumulate around neurons in the brain

44
Q

Enzyme Deficiency’s

SCIDS

A

Lack of adenosine deaminase;

45
Q

Enzyme Deficiency’s

Phenylketonuria

A

Lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase;

Results in seizures or mental retardation

46
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

Lack carbon- NO;
Molecules have FEW ATOMS;

Example- water, salts, acids, and bases
Co2, HCO 3 (-), H2CO3

47
Q

Organic Compounds

A

ALWAYS contains carbon;

Carbon BONDS to Hydrogen;

48
Q

Water

A

60-80% mass of the body;

*Functions * -
High heat capacity (body temp)
Carries heat when evaporates (sweat)
Cushions body structures (heavy)
Acts as lubricant (serous fluid)
49
Q

Universal solvent ?

A 
Water; 
Only dissolves in a HYDROPHILIC substance; 
*Polar Covalent Molecule*
-oxygen pole (-)
-hydrogen pole (+)
50
Q

Hydrophilic Solutes

A

Solute that contains polar covalent bonds- Dissolves In;

51
Q

Hydrophobic Solutes

A

Mainly non-polar covalent bonds present- Doesn’t dissolve in;

52
Q

Acid

A

Goes in to one or more H+ ions;

PROTON DONOR

53
Q

Base

A

Substance mainly dissolves in OH- ions;
Alkali;
If base is added, # of ions DECREASE

54
Q

Acids & Bases of Ph

A

Ph of 7= NEUTRAL; (hydrogen ions and base ions are equal)
Ph 7 or less=ACIDIC; (hydrogen ions OUT NUMBER base ions)
Ph 7 or greater=BASIC/ALKALINE (base ions OUT NUMBER hydrogen ions)

55
Q

Buffer

A

Chemical system that resist changes in pH; *

Blood pH range- 7.35-7.45; *

56
Q

Acidosis

A

Build up of acid in bloodstream;

CAUSES:

  • hypoventilation
  • rapid respiration
  • pale skin
  • drowsiness
  • muscle weakness
57
Q

Alkalosis

A

Excess of base in the blood stream;

CAUSES:

  • seizures
  • rapid breathing
  • low or normal blood pressure range
  • confusion
  • nausea
  • numbness
58
Q

Salt

A 
Any METAL (+) cation and NONMETAL (-) anion,  HELD BY ionic bonds;
Can dissolve in water to form ELECTROLYTES
59
Q

Monomer

A

Single subunit; Mono=1

Forms or builds polymers by DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS;*

60
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Catabolic reaction: break polymers into smaller subunits;

61
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen;
FUEL FUNCTION;

Monosaccharides *[ ONE sugar] *

Example:

  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
62
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many sugars;
POLY=1 or more;

Glycogen is a storage of glucose

63
Q

Lipid

A

Non polar and hydrophobic;

FATS and OILS

64
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Lipid monomers

65
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

Solid @ room temperature;

No double bonds

66
Q

Mono saturated Fatty Acids

A

Liquid @ room temperature;

One double bond

67
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Also liquid @ room temperature;

2+ double bonds

68
Q

Good Fatty Acid

A

Flaxseed oil and Fish oils;

69
Q

Bad Fatty Acid

A

Saturated fats;
Animal fats

Can increase cardiac disease!

70
Q

Ugly Fatty Acid

A

Trans fats;
NOT SAFE for CONSUMPTION;
Hydro generated oils

71
Q

Triglycerides

A

(Triacylglycerol)

Building blocks : Single glycerol molecules & 3 fatty acids and molecules;

72
Q

Phospholipid

A

Backbone=Glycerol
Tails=2 Fatty Acids (non polar)
Head=1 Phosphate (polar)

Vital to cell membrane structure

73
Q

Steroids

A

4 ring structure;
Forms cholesterol (building block)
Non polar

74
Q

Proteins

A

Big molecules (macro)
Functions as an Enzyme;
Involved in Movement and used for Fuel

75
Q

Primary structure of a Protein ?

A

Amino acid;
20 different types of amino acids in humans
Monomer of ALL proteins

1) Linked by PEPTIDE bond, Into a POLYPEPTIDE

76
Q

Peptide

A

Formed from 2+ amino acids linked by peptide bonds;

2+ polypeptide chains folded in different/unique structures

77
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

Long, Rope-like structure;
Links things Together;
Adds Strength to Structures;

78
Q

Globular Proteins

A

Spherical shaped;

Functions as enzymes, hormones, and cell messengers

79
Q

Primary Structure

A

1st level of polypeptide chain

80
Q

Secondary Structure

A

One or more segments [folded];

  • Alpha [helix]
  • Beta Pleated sheet
81
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

3D shape

82
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Final level of polypeptide chain;
Links one or more chain together in a SPECIFIC way;

  • Critical to function as protein as a whole *
  • Shape determines ability to function*
83
Q

Protein Denaturation

A

[Destroys] shape by [heat], [pH changes], and [chemical exposure]

84
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomer of nucleic acids ( genetic material)

STRUCTURE:

  • Nitrogenous base (RNA & DNA)
  • Pentose Sugar
  • Phosphate group
85
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A

Double-ringed adenine & guanine structure; (Purines)

Single-ringed cytosine, uracil, and thymine structure; (Pyrimidines)

86
Q

ATP

A

Adenine attached to Ribose and 3 phosphate groups;

Main source in ENERGY (die without)

87
Q

ADP

A

Synthesized from ATP;
Adenine Diphosphate & Phosphate group;
Energy comes from Oxidation

88
Q

RNA

A

Single strand of nucleotides;
Making of proteins;
Contains all but Thymine;

  • C-G*
  • U-A*
89
Q

Transcription

A

Gene for DNA

90
Q

Translation

A

RNA exists in the nucleus;

Making of protein

91
Q

DNA

A

2 chains forming DOUBLE HELIX; (weak)
Deoxyribose = Backbone
Contains genes/recipe for protein synthesis

BASES:

  • A-T*
  • G-C*
92
Q

Groups found in Amino Acids?

A

Amino acid & Carboxyl acid

93
Q

Two organ systems that maintain pH balance ?

A

Respiratory & Urinary system

94
Q

Highest hydrogen Ion concentration ?

A

PH 1

95
Q

Primary lipid ?

A

Phospholipid

96
Q

If blood rises above 7.45, body system will suffer from?

A

Alkalosis

97
Q

Which structure of nucleic acid NOT contain Uracil?

DNA or RNA

A

DNA

98
Q

Is fatty acid considered a polymer ?

A

NO

99
Q

If there are more hydrogen ions present, will the solution be more acidic or basic?

A

Acidic

100
Q

Is water an organic molecule ?

A

No

101
Q

What is Hydrolysis ?

A

Reaction of water breaking down large molecules into small molecules

102
Q

Amino acid are monomers for?

A

Proteins

103
Q

Which polymer group is responsible for storage and execution for genetic code?

A

Nucleic acids

104
Q

Why does water allow high density ?

A

To protect body structure and allow cushion

105
Q

Organic vs Inorganic

A

Inorganic lacks carbon

A & P I (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions