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A & P I > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

(1)Cell Metabolism

A

Sum of ALL chemical reactions;

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2
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

Building reaction;

Small molecules bond to form big molecules (macromolecules)

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3
Q

Catabolic Reaction

A

Breaks down macromolecules into smaller molecules;

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4
Q

Oxidation-Reduction

A

Reactions convert energy in chemical bonds to ATP

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5
Q

(2)Transport

A

Substance the cell produced or ingested to different destinations ;

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6
Q

(3)Communication

A

Between cell itself, surrounding environment, and neighbor cells;
Uses chemical and electrical signals

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7
Q

(4)Cell Reproduction

A

Through cell division;

Necessary for :

  • growth and development
  • replacing old or damaged cells
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8
Q

Cell Structure

A

Animal cell;

Contains : plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Surrounds each cell;
Isolates internal structures from outside;
Provides structural support, communication, and cell identification
Contains ICF

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Consists of : (1) Cytosol (ICF), water with dissolved solutes, storage molecules & proteins;

(2) Organelles
(3) Cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Spherical shaped;
Enclosed in phospholipid bi-layer;
Contains most of cells DNA; (housing of and also containing the code/plan)
Location of RNA creation ;

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12
Q

Plasma Membrane Structure

A

~Phospholipid Bilayer ~

MUST HAVE:

  • interactive parts with water in both fluid compartments, w/o falling apart
  • repel water, keeping ECF and Cytosol separate

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

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13
Q

Phospholipids

A

Amphiphilic;

Face each fluid compartment (face to face)—Two fatty acids (tails) face one another

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14
Q

Passive Transport across membrane

A

DOESN’T require ENERGY to work

Random movement;

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15
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Responsible for passive transport;

Molecules have kinetic energy (movement)

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

High to low concentration;

Moves DOWN until EQUILIBRIUM is reached

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17
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Non polar ;
Pass through bilayer [without] membrane protein;

Example - oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipids, and hydrocarbons

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18
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Polar solutes; (ions or glucose)

Cross bi layer with [help] of membrane protein;

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

Passive process;

Water moves lower solute across membrane to higher solute;

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20
Q

Water moves across membrane 2 ways:

A
  • Channel proteins : Aquaporins

- Phospholipid Bi layer

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21
Q

At equilibrium what is the water concentration?

A

Concentration is EQUAL on either side of membrane; Gradient is gone

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22
Q

Tonicity

A

Compares osmotic pressure gradients; (Cytosol & ECF)

-ECF is Isotonic normally than Cytosol
same concentration
( no net movement of water )
( no volume change)

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23
Q

Hypertonic ECF

A

Cell shrinks; Crenates

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24
Q

Hypotonic ECF

A

Cell swells and can rupture ;

Example- water drinking contest

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25
Q

Organelle

A

Vital to maintaining homeostasis;

*Membrane bound *
Mitochondria , Peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

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26
Q

Mitochondria

A

“Power Plant”
Proves majority of ATP;

*Folded into Cristae *

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27
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Produce H2O2 to :
-synthesize phospholipids

Membrane Bound

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28
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of Protein synthesis; [make]

  • Free in Cytosol
  • Bound to membrane
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29
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

(RER)

Ribosomes are attached

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30
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

(SER)

No ribosomes are attached

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31
Q

Rough E.R

A

Incorrectly folded polypeptide chains;

Protein enter for transport out

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32
Q

Smooth E.R

A

Stores calcium ions;
Detoxification reactions (limit damages)
Lipid synthesis

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33
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A 
Between RER and plasma membrane;
*Proteins and Lipids*
*Modified, sorted, and packaged for export *
Secreted (exocytosis)
*Sent to lysosome*
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34
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Break -lyse *

* DIGEST & RECYCLE DAMAGED ORGANELLES*

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35
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Internal framework;

  • Provides strength*
  • Cellular movement*
  • Moter proteins*
  • Functions : Phagocytosis or Contraction
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36
Q

Actin Filament

A

Thinnest filament;

Cellular motion with motor proteins [Myosis]

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37
Q

Intermediate filament

A

Rope like;
Fibrous proteins, includes [Keratin]

Functions:
Framework of cell;
Maintains shape & size
Withstand mechanical stress

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38
Q

Microtubules

A

Largest filament;
Composed of [Tubulin]

Functions:
Internal architecture
Transport of vesicles

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39
Q

Microvili

A

Finger like extensions;

Functions:
Increase surface area
Specialized for absorption

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40
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like;

Functions:
Move in unison
Found in great numbers

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41
Q

Flagella

A

Solitary;
Found in sperm cells

Function:
Propels entire cell

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42
Q

Mitosis

A

M phase;

Divides genetic material

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43
Q

Cell Theory

A

Cells [CAN’T] just appear;

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44
Q

DNA Synthesis

A

(Replication)

S phase;

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45
Q

Interphase

A

Period of growth & Prepares for cell division;
Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus-Centriole pairs duplicate-Nucleus & Nucleolus are visible;

Sub phases :
G1 phase (1st gap performing production)
G2 phase (2nd gap performing cellular growth)
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46
Q

Chromatin

A

One long DNA molecule with proteins;
Coils tightly into chromosomes;
Two sets of [23] chromosomes;

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47
Q

Prophase

A

Mitosis spindle forms;

Sister chromatids are joined at centromere

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48
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers from opposite poles of cells PULL sister chromatids into middle of cell

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49
Q

Anaphase

A

SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE AND DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES ARE PULLED TO OPPOSITE POLES OF CELL;

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50
Q

Telophase

A

Final stage
Chromosomes become Chromatin
*CYTOKINESIS OCCURS CONCURRENTLY

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51
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Creation of Daughter Cells

Functions:

1) Divides Cytosol & organelles between both daughter cells
2) Cell then splits apart as actin & myosin tighten around equator creating [Cleavage Furrow]
3) Separates into 2 genetically identical cells (Daughter Cells )

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52
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Plasma membrane that is a fluid structure containing multiple parts;

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53
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Entire membrane;

Transmembrane

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54
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Found only on one side of membrane or the other; Not both

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55
Q

Channels

A

Transmembrane proteins that allow specific substances to cross in or out of the cell

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56
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Integral proteins that bind, change their shape, and directly transport substances in and out of the cell

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57
Q

Receptors

A

Bound to chemical messengers [Ligands]

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58
Q

Enzymes of the FMM

A

Speeds up chemical reaction;

Vital to maintaining homeostasis

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59
Q

Structural Support of FMM

A

Gives cell its shape after binding to cytoskeleton;

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60
Q

Link

A

Anchors cells together (within) tissues;

Allows cell to cell communication

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61
Q

Active Transport

A 
*Requires energy [ATP]*
Carrier proteins (pumps)
62
Q

Uniport

A

Single substance; One direction : In or Out of cell

63
Q

Symport

A

Two or more substances; Same direction: In or Out of cell

64
Q

Antiport

A

Two or more substances; Opposite directions

65
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Sodium Potassium Pump
Na+/K+

Vital for gradient homeostasis

  • 3 Na+ OUT *
  • 2K+ IN*
66
Q

Electrophysiology

A

Electrical gradient;

Provides energy for work

67
Q

Lectrophysiology

A

Study of potentials [Electrical Potential];

68
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Cells at Rest;

Inside of cell is more (-) than the surrounding ECF

69
Q

Vesicles

A

Small sacs with large molecules; Too big to Transport-Macromolecules
Enclosed in Phospholipid Bi-Layer, allowing [Fusion-Out or In];
Requires energy from ATP

70
Q

Endocytosis

A

Entrance into cell; [IN]

71
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cell eating”

Ingest bacteria or Dead cells

72
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“Cell Drinking”

73
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

Form of Pinocytosis;

Receptors with a [Specific Function]

74
Q

Exocytosis

A

Exit of cell

Secretion;

75
Q

Transcytosis

A

Trans=Across

Transported across the Cell;

76
Q

Which component is NOT found in the cytoplasm

A

ECF

77
Q

Which membrane component Is important for cell-cell recognition

A

GLYCOPROTEINS

78
Q

Cholesterol in the plasma membrane ______?

A

STABILIZES THE STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE WHEN TEMP CHANGES

79
Q

What exports large molecules out of the cell ?

A

EXOCYTOSIS

80
Q

Which membrane transport mechanisms requires ATP

A

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

81
Q

Nerve cells do not have centrioles, therefore they are NOT able to _____

A

DIVIDE

82
Q

Which is NOT a function associated with the cytoskeleton ?

A

SERVES AS THE SITE FOR METABOLIC REACTIONS SUCH AS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

83
Q

The Nucleolus _____

A

ASSEMBLES RIBOSOMES

84
Q

If a cells translation machinery is impaired, the cell will be unable to_____

A

SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS

85
Q

Replication is _____?

A

SEMICONSERVATIVE

86
Q

The enzyme that synthesizes the NEW DNA strand during REPLICATION is _____

A

DNA POLYMERASE

87
Q

True/False : Cytokinesis occurs concurrently with Telophase of M phase ?

A

TRUE

88
Q

If a cell has 18 chromosomes and undergoes Mitosis, how many chromosomes does each daughter cell have ?

A

18

89
Q

True/False: Cells may LYSE when placed into a hypertonic environment ?

A

FALSE

90
Q

Correct order of Protein Synthesis

A
  1. DNA UNCOILS
  2. mRNA IS PRODUCED IN NUCLEUS
  3. mRNA MOVES INTO RIBOSOME
  4. RIBOSOME MOVES ALONG mRNA
  5. tRNA BRINGS AMINO ACID TO RIBOSOME
  6. POLYPEPTIDE IS PRODUCED
91
Q

BEFORE mRNA transcribed from a gene that’s used for translation into a protein, it MUST be :

A

MODIFIED TO REMOVE INTRONS, EXONS SPLICED TOGETHER, and TRANSPORTED INTO CYTOSOL

92
Q

Which component of the Nucleus is composed of DNA?

A

CHROMATIN

93
Q

The unit of DNA that specifies a certain amino acid is _____, the same unit of mRNA is called____ which, during protein synthesis is matched by the ____ of tRNA

A

TRIPLET, CODON, and ANTICODON

94
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT OCCURS WHEN 1 SUBSTANCE IS COUPLED WITH THE PASSIVE TRANSPORT OF A 2nd SUBSTANCE

95
Q

What is NOT a function of the peroxisome ?

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

96
Q

Within the Nucleus, where does the Ribosome assembly occur ?

A

NUCLEOLUS

97
Q

The triplet codes in DNA needed to specify a certain polypeptide chain are found in:

A

GENE

98
Q

Which solution causes a red blood cell to SHRINK?

A

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

99
Q

Aquaporins MAY be employed during :

A

OSMOSIS

100
Q

Through a microscope, you see cells swimming. Each cell has a long tail that moves in whip-like manner. What type have you observed ?

A

FLAGELLUM

101
Q

True/False: Both Cilia and Flagella are constructed of a ring of 9-pairs of microtubules surrounding 2 central microtubules ?

A

TRUE

102
Q

Steps of Endomembrane System in Order

A
  1. RIBOSOMES ON RER SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
  2. PROTEINS ARE PACKAGED INTO VESICLES
  3. GOLGI APPARATUS RECEIVES TRANSPORT VESICLES FROM RER
  4. PROTEINS ARE MODIFIED BY GOLGI APPARATUS
  5. MODIFIED PROTEINS MAY BE SECRETED FROM CELL BY EXOCYTOSIS
103
Q

What process DIVIDES the CYTOSOL, ORGANELLES, and PROTEINS?

A

CYTOKINESIS

104
Q

Microtubules are composed of protein subunits known as :

A

TUBULIN

105
Q

True/False: The Cytosol and ICF both refer to the fluid portion of the cytoplasm?

A

TRUE

106
Q

What are the TWO STEPS of protein synthesis that PRODUCE a PROTEIN from a GENE?

A

TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION

107
Q

Elongation of the polypeptide continues as long as new tRNA molecule situates in the ______?

A

A SITE OF RIBOSOME

108
Q

Most cells DNA is located in its :

A

NUCLEUS

109
Q

The reactions of oxidative catabolism, or aerobic respiration can occur in mitochondrion ONLY IN PRESENCE OF :

A

OXYGEN

110
Q

How many Homologous chromosome pairs are present in MOST human cells ?

A

23

111
Q

Which level of organization consists of two or more cell types working for a common function ?

A

TISSUE

112
Q

What makes up an Organ ?

A

2 or MORE TISSUES THAT WORK TOGETHER

113
Q

Which Organ System helps the body get rid of nitrogenous waste?

A

URINARY

114
Q

Which organ system focuses on the production of Hormones ?

A

ENDOCRINE

115
Q

The Lymphatic System _____

A

RETURNS EXCESS INTERSTITIAL FLUID BACK TO BLOOD STREAM

116
Q

Which two body cavities are found within DORSAL body cavity ?

A

CRANIAL and VERTEBRAL

117
Q

Which two body cavities are found within the VENTRAL body cavity ?

A

THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC

118
Q

True/False: Homeostasis is when the body maintains its internal condition within a narrow, stable range ?

A

TRUE

119
Q

Which feedback mechanism produces a response in the human body ?

A

EFFECTOR

120
Q

In a Negative feedback mechanism ________

A

THE OUTPUT OPPOSES OR COUNTERACTS THE STIMULUS

121
Q

Body temperature involves which feedback mechanism ?

A

NEGATIVE

122
Q

Which structural organization level represents BASIC UNIT OF LIFE ?

A

CELLULAR LEVEL

123
Q

Which structural organization level represents BASIC UNIT OF MATTER?

A

CHEMICAL LEVEL

124
Q

Which structural organization level consists of two or more tissues that work together ?

A

ORGAN LEVEL

125
Q

Which structural organization level consists of two or more cell types working together ?

A

TISSUE LEVEL

126
Q

Cardiovascular System :

A

TRANSPORTS OXYGEN TO BODY CELLS

127
Q

Digestive system :

A

ABSORBS NUTRIENTS

128
Q

Endocrine System :

A

PRODUCES HORMONES

129
Q

Integumentary System :

A

PROVIDES PHYSICAL BARRIER

130
Q

Lymphatic System :

A

RETURNS EXCESS TISSUE FLUID TO BLOOD

131
Q

Muscular System :

A

GENERATES HEAT

132
Q

Nervous System :

A

TRANSMITS ELECTRICAL IMPULSES

133
Q

Respiratory System :

A

FUNCTIONS IN GAS EXCHANGE

134
Q

Reproductive System :

A

PRODUCES GAMETES

135
Q

Skeletal System :

A

FUNCTIONS IN HEMATOPOESIS

136
Q

Urinary System :

A

RIDS BODY OF NITROGENOUS WASTES

137
Q

True/False : The heart is lateral to the lungs

A

FALSE

138
Q

True/False: The wrist is distal to the elbow ?

A

TRUE

139
Q

True/False: The ribs are superficial to the skin ?

A

FALSE

140
Q

True/False: The stomach is posterior to the kidneys ?

A

FALSE

141
Q

True/False: The thyroid gland is superior to the pancreas ?

A

TRUE

142
Q

The spinal cavity is ____ to the cranial cavity

A

INFERIOR

143
Q

The thoracic cavity is______ to the abdominopelvic cavity

A

SUPERIOR

144
Q

The hypogastric region is _____ to the umbilical region

A

INFERIOR

145
Q

The epigastric region is ______ to the RIGHT hypochondriac region

A

MEDIAL

146
Q

The left lumbar region is_____ to the left iliac region

A

SUPERIOR

147
Q

Blood clotting is an example of what feedback mechanism ?

A

POSITIVE

148
Q

The heart is located in the _____ body cavities

A

VENTRAL, THORACIC, and PERICARDIAL

149
Q

Which organ transports blood to the heart ?

A

VENA CAVA

150
Q

The brain is located in the _____ body cavities

A

DORSAL and CRANIAL

151
Q

Which organ transports food from the Pharynx to the stomach ?

A

ESOPHAGUS

152
Q

Which organ belongs to MORE THAN ONE organ system ?

A

PANCREAS

A & P I (14 decks)

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