Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
(1)Cell Metabolism
A
Sum of ALL chemical reactions;
2
Q
Anabolic Reactions
A
Building reaction;
Small molecules bond to form big molecules (macromolecules)
3
Q
Catabolic Reaction
A
Breaks down macromolecules into smaller molecules;
4
Q
Oxidation-Reduction
A
Reactions convert energy in chemical bonds to ATP
5
Q
(2)Transport
A
Substance the cell produced or ingested to different destinations ;
6
Q
(3)Communication
A
Between cell itself, surrounding environment, and neighbor cells;
Uses chemical and electrical signals
7
Q
(4)Cell Reproduction
A
Through cell division;
Necessary for :
- growth and development
- replacing old or damaged cells
8
Q
Cell Structure
A
Animal cell;
Contains : plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
9
Q
Plasma Membrane
A
Surrounds each cell;
Isolates internal structures from outside;
Provides structural support, communication, and cell identification
Contains ICF
10
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Consists of : (1) Cytosol (ICF), water with dissolved solutes, storage molecules & proteins;
(2) Organelles
(3) Cytoskeleton
11
Q
Nucleus
A
Spherical shaped;
Enclosed in phospholipid bi-layer;
Contains most of cells DNA; (housing of and also containing the code/plan)
Location of RNA creation ;
12
Q
Plasma Membrane Structure
A
~Phospholipid Bilayer ~
MUST HAVE:
- interactive parts with water in both fluid compartments, w/o falling apart
- repel water, keeping ECF and Cytosol separate
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
13
Q
Phospholipids
A
Amphiphilic;
Face each fluid compartment (face to face)—Two fatty acids (tails) face one another
14
Q
Passive Transport across membrane
A
DOESN’T require ENERGY to work
Random movement;
15
Q
Concentration Gradient
A
Responsible for passive transport;
Molecules have kinetic energy (movement)
16
Q
Diffusion
A
High to low concentration;
Moves DOWN until EQUILIBRIUM is reached
17
Q
Simple Diffusion
A
Non polar ;
Pass through bilayer [without] membrane protein;
Example - oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipids, and hydrocarbons
18
Q
Facilitated Diffusion
A
Polar solutes; (ions or glucose)
Cross bi layer with [help] of membrane protein;
19
Q
Osmosis
A
Passive process;
Water moves lower solute across membrane to higher solute;
20
Q
Water moves across membrane 2 ways:
A
- Channel proteins : Aquaporins
- Phospholipid Bi layer
21
Q
At equilibrium what is the water concentration?
A
Concentration is EQUAL on either side of membrane; Gradient is gone
22
Q
Tonicity
A
Compares osmotic pressure gradients; (Cytosol & ECF)
-ECF is Isotonic normally than Cytosol
same concentration
( no net movement of water )
( no volume change)
23
Q
Hypertonic ECF
A
Cell shrinks; Crenates
24
Q
Hypotonic ECF
A
Cell swells and can rupture ;
Example- water drinking contest
25
Organelle
Vital to maintaining homeostasis;
| *Membrane bound *
Mitochondria , Peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes
26
Mitochondria
“Power Plant”
Proves majority of ATP;
*Folded into Cristae *
27
Peroxisomes
Produce H2O2 to :
-synthesize phospholipids
*Membrane Bound*
28
Ribosomes
Site of Protein synthesis; [make]
* Free in Cytosol
* Bound to membrane
29
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(RER)
| Ribosomes are attached
30
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
(SER)
| No ribosomes are attached
31
Rough E.R
Incorrectly folded polypeptide chains;
| Protein enter for transport out
32
Smooth E.R
Stores calcium ions;
Detoxification reactions (limit damages)
Lipid synthesis
33
Golgi Apparatus
```
Between RER and plasma membrane;
*Proteins and Lipids*
*Modified, sorted, and packaged for export *
Secreted (exocytosis)
*Sent to lysosome*
```
34
Lysosomes
* Break -lyse *
| * DIGEST & RECYCLE DAMAGED ORGANELLES*
35
Cytoskeleton
Internal framework;
* Provides strength*
* Cellular movement*
* Moter proteins*
* Functions : Phagocytosis or Contraction
36
Actin Filament
*Thinnest* filament;
| Cellular motion with motor proteins [Myosis]
37
Intermediate filament
Rope like;
Fibrous proteins, includes [Keratin]
Functions:
Framework of cell;
Maintains shape & size
Withstand mechanical stress
38
Microtubules
*Largest* filament;
Composed of [Tubulin]
Functions:
Internal architecture
Transport of vesicles
39
Microvili
Finger like extensions;
Functions:
Increase surface area
Specialized for absorption
40
Cilia
Hair like;
Functions:
Move in unison
Found in great numbers
41
Flagella
Solitary;
Found in sperm cells
Function:
Propels entire cell
42
Mitosis
M phase;
| Divides genetic material
43
Cell Theory
Cells [CAN’T] just appear;
44
DNA Synthesis
(Replication)
| S phase;
45
Interphase
Period of growth & Prepares for cell division;
Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus-Centriole pairs duplicate-Nucleus & Nucleolus are visible;
```
Sub phases :
G1 phase (1st gap performing production)
G2 phase (2nd gap performing cellular growth)
```
46
Chromatin
One long DNA molecule with proteins;
Coils tightly into chromosomes;
Two sets of [23] chromosomes;
47
Prophase
Mitosis spindle forms;
| Sister chromatids are joined at centromere
48
Metaphase
Spindle fibers from opposite poles of cells PULL sister chromatids into middle of cell
49
Anaphase
SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE AND DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES ARE PULLED TO OPPOSITE POLES OF CELL;
50
Telophase
*Final stage*
Chromosomes become Chromatin
*CYTOKINESIS OCCURS CONCURRENTLY
51
Cytokinesis
Creation of Daughter Cells
Functions:
1) Divides Cytosol & organelles between both daughter cells
2) Cell then splits apart as actin & myosin tighten around equator creating [Cleavage Furrow]
3) Separates into 2 genetically identical cells (Daughter Cells )
52
Fluid Mosaic Model
Plasma membrane that is a fluid structure containing multiple parts;
53
Integral Proteins
Entire membrane;
| *Transmembrane*
54
Peripheral Proteins
Found only on one side of membrane or the other; Not both
55
Channels
Transmembrane proteins that allow specific substances to cross in or out of the cell
56
Carrier Proteins
Integral proteins that bind, change their shape, and directly transport substances in and out of the cell
57
Receptors
Bound to chemical messengers [Ligands]
58
Enzymes of the FMM
Speeds up chemical reaction;
| *Vital* to maintaining homeostasis
59
Structural Support of FMM
Gives cell its shape after binding to cytoskeleton;
60
Link
Anchors cells together (within) tissues;
| Allows cell to cell communication
61
Active Transport
```
*Requires energy [ATP]*
Carrier proteins (pumps)
```
62
Uniport
Single substance; One direction : In or Out of cell
63
Symport
Two or more substances; Same direction: In or Out of cell
64
Antiport
Two or more substances; *Opposite directions*
65
Primary Active Transport
Sodium Potassium Pump
Na+/K+
*Vital* for gradient homeostasis
* 3 Na+ OUT *
* 2K+ IN*
66
Electrophysiology
Electrical gradient;
| Provides energy for work
67
Lectrophysiology
Study of potentials [Electrical Potential];
68
Resting Membrane Potential
Cells at Rest;
| Inside of cell is more (-) than the surrounding ECF
69
Vesicles
Small sacs with large molecules; *Too big to Transport-Macromolecules*
Enclosed in Phospholipid Bi-Layer, allowing [Fusion-Out or In];
Requires energy from ATP
70
Endocytosis
*Entrance into cell; [IN]*
71
Phagocytosis
“Cell eating”
| Ingest bacteria or Dead cells
72
Pinocytosis
“Cell Drinking”
73
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
Form of Pinocytosis;
| Receptors with a [Specific Function]
74
Exocytosis
*Exit of cell*
| Secretion;
75
Transcytosis
Trans=Across
| Transported across the Cell;
76
Which component is NOT found in the cytoplasm
ECF
77
Which membrane component Is important for cell-cell recognition
GLYCOPROTEINS
78
Cholesterol in the plasma membrane ______?
STABILIZES THE STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE WHEN TEMP CHANGES
79
What exports large molecules out of the cell ?
EXOCYTOSIS
80
Which membrane transport mechanisms requires ATP
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
81
Nerve cells do not have centrioles, therefore they are NOT able to _____
DIVIDE
82
Which is NOT a function associated with the cytoskeleton ?
SERVES AS THE SITE FOR METABOLIC REACTIONS SUCH AS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
83
The Nucleolus _____
ASSEMBLES RIBOSOMES
84
If a cells translation machinery is impaired, the cell will be unable to_____
SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
85
Replication is _____?
SEMICONSERVATIVE
86
The enzyme that synthesizes the NEW DNA strand during REPLICATION is _____
DNA POLYMERASE
87
True/False : Cytokinesis occurs concurrently with Telophase of M phase ?
TRUE
88
If a cell has 18 chromosomes and undergoes Mitosis, how many chromosomes does each daughter cell have ?
18
89
True/False: Cells may LYSE when placed into a hypertonic environment ?
FALSE
90
Correct order of Protein Synthesis
1. DNA UNCOILS
2. mRNA IS PRODUCED IN NUCLEUS
3. mRNA MOVES INTO RIBOSOME
4. RIBOSOME MOVES ALONG mRNA
5. tRNA BRINGS AMINO ACID TO RIBOSOME
6. POLYPEPTIDE IS PRODUCED
91
BEFORE mRNA transcribed from a gene that’s used for translation into a protein, it MUST be :
MODIFIED TO REMOVE INTRONS, EXONS SPLICED TOGETHER, and TRANSPORTED INTO CYTOSOL
92
Which component of the Nucleus is composed of DNA?
CHROMATIN
93
The unit of DNA that specifies a certain amino acid is _____, the same unit of mRNA is called____ which, during protein synthesis is matched by the ____ of tRNA
TRIPLET, CODON, and ANTICODON
94
Secondary Active Transport
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT OCCURS WHEN 1 SUBSTANCE IS COUPLED WITH THE PASSIVE TRANSPORT OF A 2nd SUBSTANCE
95
What is NOT a function of the peroxisome ?
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
96
Within the Nucleus, where does the Ribosome assembly occur ?
NUCLEOLUS
97
The triplet codes in DNA needed to specify a certain polypeptide chain are found in:
GENE
98
Which solution causes a red blood cell to SHRINK?
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
99
Aquaporins MAY be employed during :
OSMOSIS
100
Through a microscope, you see cells swimming. Each cell has a long tail that moves in whip-like manner. What type have you observed ?
FLAGELLUM
101
True/False: Both Cilia and Flagella are constructed of a ring of 9-pairs of microtubules surrounding 2 central microtubules ?
TRUE
102
Steps of Endomembrane System in Order
1. RIBOSOMES ON RER SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
2. PROTEINS ARE PACKAGED INTO VESICLES
3. GOLGI APPARATUS RECEIVES TRANSPORT VESICLES FROM RER
4. PROTEINS ARE MODIFIED BY GOLGI APPARATUS
5. MODIFIED PROTEINS MAY BE SECRETED FROM CELL BY EXOCYTOSIS
103
What process DIVIDES the CYTOSOL, ORGANELLES, and PROTEINS?
CYTOKINESIS
104
Microtubules are composed of protein subunits known as :
TUBULIN
105
True/False: The Cytosol and ICF both refer to the fluid portion of the cytoplasm?
TRUE
106
What are the TWO STEPS of protein synthesis that PRODUCE a PROTEIN from a GENE?
TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION
107
Elongation of the polypeptide continues as long as new tRNA molecule situates in the ______?
A SITE OF RIBOSOME
108
Most cells DNA is located in its :
NUCLEUS
109
The reactions of oxidative catabolism, or aerobic respiration can occur in mitochondrion ONLY IN PRESENCE OF :
OXYGEN
110
How many Homologous chromosome pairs are present in MOST human cells ?
23
111
Which level of organization consists of two or more cell types working for a common function ?
TISSUE
112
What makes up an Organ ?
2 or MORE TISSUES THAT WORK TOGETHER
113
Which Organ System helps the body get rid of nitrogenous waste?
URINARY
114
Which organ system focuses on the production of Hormones ?
ENDOCRINE
115
The Lymphatic System _____
RETURNS EXCESS INTERSTITIAL FLUID BACK TO BLOOD STREAM
116
Which two body cavities are found within DORSAL body cavity ?
CRANIAL and VERTEBRAL
117
Which two body cavities are found within the VENTRAL body cavity ?
THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC
118
True/False: Homeostasis is when the body maintains its internal condition within a narrow, stable range ?
TRUE
119
Which feedback mechanism produces a response in the human body ?
EFFECTOR
120
In a Negative feedback mechanism ________
THE OUTPUT OPPOSES OR COUNTERACTS THE STIMULUS
121
Body temperature involves which feedback mechanism ?
NEGATIVE
122
Which structural organization level represents BASIC UNIT OF LIFE ?
CELLULAR LEVEL
123
Which structural organization level represents BASIC UNIT OF MATTER?
CHEMICAL LEVEL
124
Which structural organization level consists of two or more tissues that work together ?
ORGAN LEVEL
125
Which structural organization level consists of two or more cell types working together ?
TISSUE LEVEL
126
Cardiovascular System :
TRANSPORTS OXYGEN TO BODY CELLS
127
Digestive system :
ABSORBS NUTRIENTS
128
Endocrine System :
PRODUCES HORMONES
129
Integumentary System :
PROVIDES PHYSICAL BARRIER
130
Lymphatic System :
RETURNS EXCESS TISSUE FLUID TO BLOOD
131
Muscular System :
GENERATES HEAT
132
Nervous System :
TRANSMITS ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
133
Respiratory System :
FUNCTIONS IN GAS EXCHANGE
134
Reproductive System :
PRODUCES GAMETES
135
Skeletal System :
FUNCTIONS IN HEMATOPOESIS
136
Urinary System :
RIDS BODY OF NITROGENOUS WASTES
137
True/False : The heart is lateral to the lungs
FALSE
138
True/False: The wrist is distal to the elbow ?
TRUE
139
True/False: The ribs are superficial to the skin ?
FALSE
140
True/False: The stomach is posterior to the kidneys ?
FALSE
141
True/False: The thyroid gland is superior to the pancreas ?
TRUE
142
The spinal cavity is ____ to the cranial cavity
INFERIOR
143
The thoracic cavity is______ to the abdominopelvic cavity
SUPERIOR
144
The hypogastric region is _____ to the umbilical region
INFERIOR
145
The epigastric region is ______ to the RIGHT hypochondriac region
MEDIAL
146
The left lumbar region is_____ to the left iliac region
SUPERIOR
147
Blood clotting is an example of what feedback mechanism ?
POSITIVE
148
The heart is located in the _____ body cavities
VENTRAL, THORACIC, and PERICARDIAL
149
Which organ transports blood to the heart ?
VENA CAVA
150
The brain is located in the _____ body cavities
DORSAL and CRANIAL
151
Which organ transports food from the Pharynx to the stomach ?
ESOPHAGUS
152
Which organ belongs to MORE THAN ONE organ system ?
PANCREAS
