Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are nitrogenous wastes? List the 3 components.
- Urea
- Creatinine
- Uric Acid
What are the 2 major electrolyte for kidney to balance?
- Sodium (Na+)
2. Potassium (K+)
What are the 3 important hormones the kidney secretes?
- Renin
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Calciferol
What is the function performed by renin?
Raises blood pressure so that it keeps blood moving through the kidney
What is the function of Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone that stimulates the RBC in the bone marrow
What is the function of calciferol?
Active form of vitamin D, secreted by the kidney.
Functions of kidney: what does the kidney remove?
Removes nitrogenous wastes - urea, creatine, and uric acid
Functions of the kidney: what does the kidney balance?
Balances the water and electrolyte = sodium and potassium
Functions of the kidney: what hormones do the kidney release?
Renin, EPO, and calciferol
Functions of the kidney: what does it degrade and eliminate?
Kidney degrades and eliminate hormones from bloodstream
What is the size and weight of a normal kidney?
Size of a fist
Weighs 4-6 ounces
What is the function performed by the ureters?
There are two of them. They carry urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder.
What is the function performed by the urinary bladder?
Temporary reservoir for urine
What is the function performed by the urethra?
It is a tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
What is the process of expelling urine through the urethra called?
Urination or voiding!
How does the female urinary system differ from the male urinary system?
Males are longer - about 8 inches. Females are shorter about 1.5 inches long.
What is the trigone?
A triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and urethra exits
Where and how does the blood enter the kidneys?
Blood enters through the right and left renal arteries, and then through a series of arterioles.
What are arterioles?
Smallest arteries
How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?
Uses renin. Renin stimulates the contraction of arterioles so that will increase blood pressure and restore blood flow in the kidneys to normal.
What is the function of the arterioles?
Carry blood to the capillaries
What is the difference between Afferent arteriole and Efferent arteriole?
Afferent arteriole = carries blood toward the glomerulus.
Efferent arteriole = carries blood away from the glomerulus
What is the glomerulus?
- Collection of tiny capillaries formed in the shape of a small ball.
- Filters the blood!
How many glomeruli are there in the kidney?
About 1 million
What functions do the glomerulus perform in the production of urine?
- Blood passes through the glomerulus and gets filtered. Only permits water, salts, sugar, and urea to leave the bloodstream, basically only allowing these small substances to be filtered into the bowman capsule/glomerular capsule.
- Prevents large substances such as protein and blood cells from filtering into the urine
What is the function of the Bowman/glomerular capsule in the production of urine?
Glomerular (Bowman) capsule surrounds each golmerulus and collects all the wanted small substances that came from the glomerulus.
What is the function of renal tubule in the production of urine?
It is the tubular reabsorption of water, sugar, and sodium so that the essential substances are retained. Thus, unwanted waste products are then allowed to be excreted in urine.
What is the last step in the urine production?
Tubular secretion - acids, potassium, and drugs are secreted out
Overall, what are the 3 steps in formation of urine?
- Glomerular filtration
- Tubular reabsorption
- Tubular secretion
What is the flow pathway of forming and expelling urine?
Bloodstream –> Glomerulus (filtration) filters water, sugar, urea, and other wastes –> Golmerular capsule only wanted substances –>Renal Tuble: Reabsorption and Secretion continues to cycle here –> unwanted substances goes through Renal Tubule
–>Renal Pelvis–> Ureter –>Bladder –>Urethra –>Urinary meatus
How is urine flow from the bladder to the urethra controlled?
Sphincter muscles control the exit area of the bladder to the urethra
What triggers the need to urinate?
As the bladder fills and pressure increases at its base, individual will know to urinate and voluntarily relaxes the sphincter muscle.
List the first 5 tests in the urinalysis
- Color
- Appearance
- PH
- Protein
- Glucose
C.A.P. P. G.
What are we looking for in the “color” test of the urinalysis?
- Normal urine color is yellow
- Colorless urine = large amount of water in the urine
- Smokey-red or brown = presence of blood in the urine
What are we looking for in the “appearance” test for the urinalysis?
Urine normally should be clear. If cloudy or turbid, that indicates pus (pyruia) and bacteria (bacteriuria).
What are we looking for in the “pH” test for the urinalysis?
Normal pH is 6.5 (slightly acidic)
What are we looking for in the “protein” test for the urinalysis?
Looks for the presence albumin (a major protein in blood plasma), which indicates a leak in the glomerular membrane
What are we looking for in the “glucose” test for urinalysis?
Glucose presence signals possibility of diabetes mellitus
List the other 5 tests for the urinalysis?
- Specific Gravity
- Ketone bodies
- Sediment
- Phenylketonuria
- Bilirubin
What are we looking for in the “specific gravity” test for urinalysis?
Specific gravity reflects the amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine.
What are we looking for in the “ketone bodies” test for the urinalysis?
Ketone bodies appear when the body breaks down fat instead of sugar, which accumulates in blood and urine.
What are we looking for in the “sediment” test for the urinalysis?
These are abnormal particles in the urine and indicates pathologic conditions
What are we looking for in the “phenylketonuria (PKU)” test in the urinalysis? (Study Guide)
A rare condition in which a baby is born unable to break down an amino acid, phenylalanine. High levels of phenylalanine can lead to mental retardation.
What are we looking for in the “bilirubin” test in the urinalysis?
Bilirubin results form a hemoglobin breakdown
Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)
Uses a catheter to let fluid go into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity, and then is later on drained by gravity.
What is lithotripsy?
Urinary tract stones are crushed. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is used to direct toward the kidney stone.
What is meatal stenosis?
A constriction or narrowing of the urinary meatus. Usually happens in boys or men that are uncircumcised.
