Chapter 7

Question 1

What are nitrogenous wastes? List the 3 components.

Answer 1

1. Urea
2. Creatinine
3. Uric Acid

Question 2

What are the 2 major electrolyte for kidney to balance?

Answer 2

1. Sodium (Na+)

2. Potassium (K+)

Question 3

What are the 3 important hormones the kidney secretes?

Answer 3

1. Renin
2. Erythropoietin (EPO)
3. Calciferol

Question 4

What is the function performed by renin?

Answer 4

Raises blood pressure so that it keeps blood moving through the kidney

Question 5

What is the function of Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 5

Hormone that stimulates the RBC in the bone marrow

Question 6

What is the function of calciferol?

Answer 6

Active form of vitamin D, secreted by the kidney.

Question 7

Functions of kidney: what does the kidney remove?

Answer 7

Removes nitrogenous wastes - urea, creatine, and uric acid

Question 8

Functions of the kidney: what does the kidney balance?

Answer 8

Balances the water and electrolyte = sodium and potassium

Question 9

Functions of the kidney: what hormones do the kidney release?

Answer 9

Renin, EPO, and calciferol

Question 10

Functions of the kidney: what does it degrade and eliminate?

Answer 10

Kidney degrades and eliminate hormones from bloodstream

Question 11

What is the size and weight of a normal kidney?

Answer 11

Size of a fist

Weighs 4-6 ounces

Question 12

What is the function performed by the ureters?

Answer 12

There are two of them. They carry urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Question 13

What is the function performed by the urinary bladder?

Answer 13

Temporary reservoir for urine

Question 14

What is the function performed by the urethra?

Answer 14

It is a tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Question 15

What is the process of expelling urine through the urethra called?

Answer 15

Urination or voiding!

Question 16

How does the female urinary system differ from the male urinary system?

Answer 16

Males are longer - about 8 inches. Females are shorter about 1.5 inches long.

Question 17

What is the trigone?

Answer 17

A triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and urethra exits

Question 18

Where and how does the blood enter the kidneys?

Answer 18

Blood enters through the right and left renal arteries, and then through a series of arterioles.

Question 19

What are arterioles?

Answer 19

Smallest arteries

Question 20

How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?

Answer 20

Uses renin. Renin stimulates the contraction of arterioles so that will increase blood pressure and restore blood flow in the kidneys to normal.

Question 21

What is the function of the arterioles?

Answer 21

Carry blood to the capillaries

Question 22

What is the difference between Afferent arteriole and Efferent arteriole?

Answer 22

Afferent arteriole = carries blood toward the glomerulus.

Efferent arteriole = carries blood away from the glomerulus

Question 23

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 23

• Collection of tiny capillaries formed in the shape of a small ball.
• Filters the blood!

Question 24

How many glomeruli are there in the kidney?

Answer 24

About 1 million

Question 25

What functions do the glomerulus perform in the production of urine?

Answer 25

- Blood passes through the glomerulus and gets filtered. Only permits water, salts, sugar, and urea to leave the bloodstream, basically only allowing these small substances to be filtered into the bowman capsule/glomerular capsule. - Prevents large substances such as protein and blood cells from filtering into the urine

Question 26

What is the function of the Bowman/glomerular capsule in the production of urine?

Answer 26

Glomerular (Bowman) capsule surrounds each golmerulus and collects all the wanted small substances that came from the glomerulus.

Question 27

What is the function of renal tubule in the production of urine?

Answer 27

It is the tubular reabsorption of water, sugar, and sodium so that the essential substances are retained. Thus, unwanted waste products are then allowed to be excreted in urine.

Question 28

What is the last step in the urine production?

Answer 28

Tubular secretion - acids, potassium, and drugs are secreted out

Question 29

Overall, what are the 3 steps in formation of urine?

Answer 29

1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion

Question 30

What is the flow pathway of forming and expelling urine?

Answer 30

Bloodstream --> Glomerulus (filtration) filters water, sugar, urea, and other wastes --> Golmerular capsule only wanted substances -->Renal Tuble: Reabsorption and Secretion continues to cycle here --> unwanted substances goes through Renal Tubule -->Renal Pelvis--> Ureter -->Bladder -->Urethra -->Urinary meatus

Question 31

How is urine flow from the bladder to the urethra controlled?

Answer 31

Sphincter muscles control the exit area of the bladder to the urethra

Question 32

What triggers the need to urinate?

Answer 32

As the bladder fills and pressure increases at its base, individual will know to urinate and voluntarily relaxes the sphincter muscle.

Question 33

List the first 5 tests in the urinalysis

Answer 33

1. Color 2. Appearance 3. PH 4. Protein 5. Glucose C.A.P. P. G.

Question 34

What are we looking for in the "color" test of the urinalysis?

Answer 34

- Normal urine color is yellow - Colorless urine = large amount of water in the urine - Smokey-red or brown = presence of blood in the urine

Question 35

What are we looking for in the "appearance" test for the urinalysis?

Answer 35

Urine normally should be clear. If cloudy or turbid, that indicates pus (pyruia) and bacteria (bacteriuria).

Question 36

What are we looking for in the "pH" test for the urinalysis?

Answer 36

Normal pH is 6.5 (slightly acidic)

Question 37

What are we looking for in the "protein" test for the urinalysis?

Answer 37

Looks for the presence albumin (a major protein in blood plasma), which indicates a leak in the glomerular membrane

Question 38

What are we looking for in the "glucose" test for urinalysis?

Answer 38

Glucose presence signals possibility of diabetes mellitus

Question 39

List the other 5 tests for the urinalysis?

Answer 39

6. Specific Gravity 7. Ketone bodies 8. Sediment 9. Phenylketonuria 10. Bilirubin

Question 40

What are we looking for in the "specific gravity" test for urinalysis?

Answer 40

Specific gravity reflects the amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine.

Question 41

What are we looking for in the "ketone bodies" test for the urinalysis?

Answer 41

Ketone bodies appear when the body breaks down fat instead of sugar, which accumulates in blood and urine.

Question 42

What are we looking for in the "sediment" test for the urinalysis?

Answer 42

These are abnormal particles in the urine and indicates pathologic conditions

Question 43

What are we looking for in the "phenylketonuria (PKU)" test in the urinalysis? (Study Guide)

Answer 43

A rare condition in which a baby is born unable to break down an amino acid, phenylalanine. High levels of phenylalanine can lead to mental retardation.

Question 44

What are we looking for in the "bilirubin" test in the urinalysis?

Answer 44

Bilirubin results form a hemoglobin breakdown

Question 45

Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)

Answer 45

Uses a catheter to let fluid go into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity, and then is later on drained by gravity.

Question 46

What is lithotripsy?

Answer 46

Urinary tract stones are crushed. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is used to direct toward the kidney stone.

Question 47

What is meatal stenosis?

Answer 47

A constriction or narrowing of the urinary meatus. Usually happens in boys or men that are uncircumcised.