Chapter 5 Flashcards
What are the 4 main functions of the digestive or gastrointestinal system?
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Elimination
What happens at the process of ingestion?
Food/beverage/medication material is taken into the mouth
What happens during the process of digestion?
Food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract
What are enzymes? Digestive enzyme?
Enzyme = speed up chemical reaction
Digestive Enzyme = speed up chemical reaction and aid the breakdown of complex nutrients
What does the digestive enzyme breakdown proteins, sugars, and fats into?
Proteins –> amino acids
Sugars –> glucose
Fats –> fatty acids or triglycerides
What happens during the process of absorption?
- Digested food passes into the bloodstream through the lining of the small intestine
- Nutrients travel to all cells of the body
What happens during the process of elimination?
- The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream
- Large intestine concentrates feces
Where does the gastrointestinal tract begin at?
The oral cavity
Oral cavity: what are the cheeks?
They form the walls of the oval-shaped oral cavity
What are the lips?
Surround the opening of the oral cavity
What is the hard palate?
Forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
What is the soft palate?
Forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth
What is the rugae in oral cavity?
Irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate
What is the uvula?
A small soft tissue projection that hangs from the soft palate
What is the tongue?
Extends across the floor of the oral cavity, and muscles attach it to the lower jawbone.
What is mastication?
Moving food around, chewing
What is deglutition?
Swallowing
What is the papillae?
Small raised areas of the tongue, contains the taste buds
What are tonsils?
- mass of lymphatic tissue located in the mucous membrane
- located on both sides of the oropharynx (part of the throat near the mouth)
- produces lymphocytes, disease-fighting white blood cells
What are the gums?
Fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth
What is a root canal? Why is it performed?
- Aka pulp = blood vessels, nerve ending, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels contain here.
- Performed to clean out the abscess (pus collection) or when it is diseased/infected.
What is the pharynx? Function?
Aka throat. Serve as a common passageway for both air and food.
It also leads food pathway to the esophagus
What is the importance of epiglottis?
- Epiglottis closes over the trachea when food passes down the pharynx toward the esophagus
- Epiglottis opens when the food has moved down the esophagus
- Essentially protects the airway from being constricted
Describe the anatomy of the esophagus
It is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
What is a bolus?
Mass of food
How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?
- Peristalsis - involuntary, progressive, and rhythmic contraction of muscles in the walls of the esophagus
- think of a peristalsis pump, and like a marble being squeezed through a rubber tube.
What are the 3 parts of the stomach?
- Fundus (upper portion)
- Body (middle portion)
- Antrim (lower portion)
What is the function in the fundus portion of the stomach?
- contains the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES), which relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus to the stomach
What is the “body” function in the stomach?
- Contains rugae which allows increase surface area for digestion and contains pepsin enzyme that digests proteins.
- Has HCL that digest proteins and kills any bacteria in food
What is the function of the antrum of the stomach?
- Contains the pyloric sphincter that allows food to leave the stomach and enter the small intestine
What is the function of villi? What is it?
Villi lines the walls of the small intestine. Increases the surface for absorption of nutrients.
Where does absorption of food/nutrients take place?
In the small intestine
Where is the large intestine located? From where to where?
Extends from the end of the ileum to the anus
What are the 3 main components to the large intestine?
- Cecum
- Colon
- Rectum
What is the function of the large intestine?
- Receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body
- Parts of it acts as a storage unit for fecal waste/water is absorbed
- Defecation of solid feces is expelled from the large intestine
What are the 4 sections of the colons?
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
What is the function of the ascending colon?
Carries feces from the cecum superiority along the right side of our abdominal cavity to the transverse colon
What is the function of the transverse colon?
As ingested moves up from the ascending colon, bacteria here break down food matter, remove water and nutrient, and feces form
What is the function of the descending colon?
Store the remains of the digested food that will be emptied into the rectum
What is emulsification?
Bile breaks apart large fat globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest fats
What are the important functions of the liver?
- Produces bile, which contains the pigment bilirubin
- Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting
- Releases bilirubin
- Removes toxins and poisons from the blood
What causes jaundice?
- If the bile duct is blocked or the liver damaged and unable to excrete bilirubin into bile, the bilirubin will remain in the bloodstream.
- Aka hyperbilirubinemia
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores bile for later use.
What does the duodenum receive from the liver and pancreas?
A mixture of bile and pancreatic juice
What is the function of the pancreas?
- Act as both an exocrine and endocrine organ
- Exocrine –>produces enzyme amylase = digest starch, lipase = digest fats, protease = digest protein
- Endocrine –>secretes insulin
What is the function of insulin?
- Hormone produced by pancreas
- Transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
What is the initial food pathway through the GI tract?
Oral Cavity –>Pharynx –> Esophagus –>Stomach
O.P.E.S
What is the middle portion of the food pathway to the GI Tract?
Duodenum (pancreas secretes juice/enzyme and live + gallbladder secrete bile into here) –> Jejunum –> ILeum (ALL THIS IS CONSIDER THE SMALL INTESTINE!)
D.J.I
What is the final portion of the food pathway through the GI Tract?
Cecum –> Ascending Colon –> Transverse Colon –> Descending Colon –> Sigmoid Colon –> Rectum –> Anus (ALL THIS IS LARGE INTESTINE)
C.A.T.D.S.R.A
