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Medical Terminology Part 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the digestive or gastrointestinal system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
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2
Q

What happens at the process of ingestion?

A

Food/beverage/medication material is taken into the mouth

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3
Q

What happens during the process of digestion?

A

Food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

What are enzymes? Digestive enzyme?

A

Enzyme = speed up chemical reaction

Digestive Enzyme = speed up chemical reaction and aid the breakdown of complex nutrients

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5
Q

What does the digestive enzyme breakdown proteins, sugars, and fats into?

A

Proteins –> amino acids
Sugars –> glucose
Fats –> fatty acids or triglycerides

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6
Q

What happens during the process of absorption?

A
  • Digested food passes into the bloodstream through the lining of the small intestine
  • Nutrients travel to all cells of the body
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7
Q

What happens during the process of elimination?

A
  • The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream
  • Large intestine concentrates feces
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8
Q

Where does the gastrointestinal tract begin at?

A

The oral cavity

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9
Q

Oral cavity: what are the cheeks?

A

They form the walls of the oval-shaped oral cavity

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10
Q

What are the lips?

A

Surround the opening of the oral cavity

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11
Q

What is the hard palate?

A

Forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

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12
Q

What is the soft palate?

A

Forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth

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13
Q

What is the rugae in oral cavity?

A

Irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate

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14
Q

What is the uvula?

A

A small soft tissue projection that hangs from the soft palate

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15
Q

What is the tongue?

A

Extends across the floor of the oral cavity, and muscles attach it to the lower jawbone.

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16
Q

What is mastication?

A

Moving food around, chewing

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17
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

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18
Q

What is the papillae?

A

Small raised areas of the tongue, contains the taste buds

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19
Q

What are tonsils?

A
  • mass of lymphatic tissue located in the mucous membrane
  • located on both sides of the oropharynx (part of the throat near the mouth)
  • produces lymphocytes, disease-fighting white blood cells
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20
Q

What are the gums?

A

Fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth

21
Q

What is a root canal? Why is it performed?

A
  • Aka pulp = blood vessels, nerve ending, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels contain here.
  • Performed to clean out the abscess (pus collection) or when it is diseased/infected.
22
Q

What is the pharynx? Function?

A

Aka throat. Serve as a common passageway for both air and food.

It also leads food pathway to the esophagus

23
Q

What is the importance of epiglottis?

A
  • Epiglottis closes over the trachea when food passes down the pharynx toward the esophagus
  • Epiglottis opens when the food has moved down the esophagus
  • Essentially protects the airway from being constricted
24
Q

Describe the anatomy of the esophagus

A

It is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach

25
Q

What is a bolus?

A

Mass of food

26
Q

How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?

A
  • Peristalsis - involuntary, progressive, and rhythmic contraction of muscles in the walls of the esophagus
  • think of a peristalsis pump, and like a marble being squeezed through a rubber tube.
27
Q

What are the 3 parts of the stomach?

A
  1. Fundus (upper portion)
  2. Body (middle portion)
  3. Antrim (lower portion)
28
Q

What is the function in the fundus portion of the stomach?

A
  • contains the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES), which relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus to the stomach
29
Q

What is the “body” function in the stomach?

A
  • Contains rugae which allows increase surface area for digestion and contains pepsin enzyme that digests proteins.
  • Has HCL that digest proteins and kills any bacteria in food
30
Q

What is the function of the antrum of the stomach?

A
  • Contains the pyloric sphincter that allows food to leave the stomach and enter the small intestine
31
Q

What is the function of villi? What is it?

A

Villi lines the walls of the small intestine. Increases the surface for absorption of nutrients.

32
Q

Where does absorption of food/nutrients take place?

A

In the small intestine

33
Q

Where is the large intestine located? From where to where?

A

Extends from the end of the ileum to the anus

34
Q

What are the 3 main components to the large intestine?

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
35
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • Receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body
  • Parts of it acts as a storage unit for fecal waste/water is absorbed
  • Defecation of solid feces is expelled from the large intestine
36
Q

What are the 4 sections of the colons?

A
  1. Ascending colon
  2. Transverse colon
  3. Descending colon
  4. Sigmoid colon
37
Q

What is the function of the ascending colon?

A

Carries feces from the cecum superiority along the right side of our abdominal cavity to the transverse colon

38
Q

What is the function of the transverse colon?

A

As ingested moves up from the ascending colon, bacteria here break down food matter, remove water and nutrient, and feces form

39
Q

What is the function of the descending colon?

A

Store the remains of the digested food that will be emptied into the rectum

40
Q

What is emulsification?

A

Bile breaks apart large fat globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest fats

41
Q

What are the important functions of the liver?

A
  1. Produces bile, which contains the pigment bilirubin
  2. Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting
  3. Releases bilirubin
  4. Removes toxins and poisons from the blood
42
Q

What causes jaundice?

A
  • If the bile duct is blocked or the liver damaged and unable to excrete bilirubin into bile, the bilirubin will remain in the bloodstream.
  • Aka hyperbilirubinemia
43
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores bile for later use.

44
Q

What does the duodenum receive from the liver and pancreas?

A

A mixture of bile and pancreatic juice

45
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A
  • Act as both an exocrine and endocrine organ
  • Exocrine –>produces enzyme amylase = digest starch, lipase = digest fats, protease = digest protein
  • Endocrine –>secretes insulin
46
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A
  • Hormone produced by pancreas

- Transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

47
Q

What is the initial food pathway through the GI tract?

A

Oral Cavity –>Pharynx –> Esophagus –>Stomach

O.P.E.S

48
Q

What is the middle portion of the food pathway to the GI Tract?

A

Duodenum (pancreas secretes juice/enzyme and live + gallbladder secrete bile into here) –> Jejunum –> ILeum (ALL THIS IS CONSIDER THE SMALL INTESTINE!)

D.J.I

49
Q

What is the final portion of the food pathway through the GI Tract?

A

Cecum –> Ascending Colon –> Transverse Colon –> Descending Colon –> Sigmoid Colon –> Rectum –> Anus (ALL THIS IS LARGE INTESTINE)

C.A.T.D.S.R.A

Medical Terminology Part 1 (36 decks)

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