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Medical Terminology Part 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the structural organization of the body?

A

Cells –> Tissues –> Organs –> Systems

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2
Q

What are the major parts of a cell?

A
  • Chromosomes
  • Nucleus
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondrial
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
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3
Q

What is Karyotyping? When is it used?

A
  • Karyotyping is a photograph of an individual’s chromosomes arranged by number and structure.
  • Determines whether the chromosomes are normal or not, especially for pregnant women
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4
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

It includes all materials outside the nucleus, but still contained within the cell membrane

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5
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A
  • Small, sausage-shaped bodies that produce energy by burning food.
  • “The power plant.” Produces ATP
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6
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Large proteins made here.

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7
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Structure surrounding and protecting them cell. Regulates what comes in and goes out.

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8
Q

What is DNA?

A

Chemicals found within each chromosome.

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9
Q

What are genes?

A

Regions of DNA within each chromosome.

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10
Q

What is anabolism? (Study Guide)

A
  • Process of building up large proteins from small proteins called amino acids.
  • Build UP!
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11
Q

What is catabolism?

A
  • Process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released.
  • Break DOWN!
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12
Q

What is metabolism?

A
  • Total of the chemical processes in a cell.

- Catabolism + anabolism

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13
Q

What is the nucleus?

A
  • Control center of the cell
  • Contains the chromosomes
  • Tells the cells what to do (activities)
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14
Q

Does catabolism or anabolism occur in mitochondria?

A

Catabolism

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15
Q

What are the 4 different types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Muscle Tissue
  3. Connective Tissue
  4. Nerve Tissue
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16
Q

What is a histologist?

A

The term for a scientist who specializes in the study of tissue

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17
Q

Which tissue conducts impulses all over the body?

A

Nerve

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18
Q

Example of what type of tissue include fat and cartilage?

A

Connective

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19
Q

What tissue forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin?

A

Epithelial

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20
Q

What tissues contains the voluntary and involuntary muscles?

A

Muscle Tissues

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21
Q

What are adipose tissues?

A

Collection of fat cells

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22
Q

What is a cartilage?

A

Flexible connective tissues often attached to bones at joints.

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23
Q

What is the larynx?

A
  • Voice box
  • located at the upper trachea
  • part of the digestive system
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24
Q

What is the pharynx?

A
  • Throat
  • Passageway for food
  • Part of the digestive system
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25
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A
  • Endocrine gland at the base of the brain

- Part of the endocrine system

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26
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck

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27
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Windpipe. Tube that leads from throat to bronchial tubes.

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28
Q

What is the ureter?

A
  • One of the two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder
  • HINT: Spelling clue: there is 2 e’s so that means 2 ureters
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29
Q

What is the urethra?

A
  • Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

- HINT: Spelling clue: Urethra has 1 e, and there is only 1 urethra

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30
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Womb; the organ that holds the fetus

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31
Q

What is viscera?

A

Internal organs

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32
Q

What is the definition of organs?

A

Different types of tissues combine to form an organ

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33
Q

What defines a system?

A

Group of organs working together to perform complex functions.

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34
Q

What systems contains the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra?

A

Urinary or excretory

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35
Q

What system contains the thyroid gland and pituitary gland?

A

Endocrine

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36
Q

What system contains the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands?

A

Skin and sense organs

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37
Q

What system contains the muscles, bones, and joints?

A

Musculoskeletal

38
Q

What system contains the brain, spinal cord, nerves and collection of nerves?

A

Nervous

39
Q

What system contains the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nodes, spleen, and thymus gland?

A

Circulatory

40
Q

What is a body cavity?

A

The space within the body that contains the internal organs (viscera)

41
Q

What body cavity contains the nerves of the spinal cord?

A

Spinal

42
Q

What body cavity contains the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and liver?

A

Abdominal

43
Q

What body cavity contains the brain?

A

Cranial

44
Q

What body cavity contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and bronchial tubes?

A

Thoracic

45
Q

What body cavity contains the portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and urethra?

A

Pelvic

46
Q

What body cavity contains the pleural cavity and the mediastinum?

A

Thoracic cavity

47
Q

Which body cavity contains the peritoneum?

A

Abdominal

48
Q

What body cavity contains the diaphragm?

A

Abdominal

49
Q

What is the landmark importance of the diaphragm?

A
  • It is the muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
  • Moves up and down and aids in breathing
50
Q

What does dorsal mean?

A

Posterior. Pertaining to the back

51
Q

What is the landmark importance of the mediastinum?

A
  • Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs.

- Contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tube, and many lymph nodes

52
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A
  • Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity.
53
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung

54
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Space between the pleural layers

55
Q

What is ventral?

A

Anterior. Pertaining to the front.

56
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right upper region below the cartilage of ribs that extend over the abdomen.

A

Right hypocondriac region

57
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the left upper region below the rib cartilage.

A

Left hypochondriac region

58
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located above the stomach.

A

Epigastric region

59
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right middle region near the waist.

A

Right lumbar region

60
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the left middle region near the waist.

A

Left lumbar region

61
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the region of the navel or umbilicus.

A

Umbilical region

62
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right lower region near the groin.

A

Right inguinal region

63
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the left lower region near the groin.

A

Left inguinal region

64
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the middle lower region below the umbilical region.

A

Hypogastric region

65
Q

What are the division of the back? How many of each?

A
  1. Cervical = C1-C7 (neck region)
  2. Thoracic = T1-T12 (chest region)
  3. Lumbar = L1-L5 (waist region)
  4. Sacral = S1 to S5 (sacrum)
  5. Coccygeal = tailbone, a small bone composed of four fused pieces.
66
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right and upper regions beneath the ribs. (Study Guide)

A

Hypochondriac

67
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the middle upper region above the stomach. (Study Guide)

A

Epigastric

68
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right and left middle regions near the waist. (Study Guide)

A

Lumbar

69
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the central region near the navel. (Study Guide)

A

Umbilical

70
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right and left lower regions near the groin. (Study Guide)

A

Inguinal

71
Q

Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the middle lower region below the umbilical region. (Study Guide)

A

Hypogastric

72
Q

What does vertebra mean?

A

Single backbone

73
Q

What does vertebrae mean?

A

Backbones

74
Q

What does spinal column mean?

A

Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity

75
Q

What does spinal cord mean?

A

Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity

76
Q

What does disk (disc) mean?

A

Pad of cartilage between vertebrae

77
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does anterior (ventral) refer to?

A

Front surface of the body

78
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does deep refer to?

A

Away from the surface

79
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does distal refer to?

A

Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure

80
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does frontal (CORONAL) plane refer to?

A

Vertical plane dividing the body structure into anterior and posterior (front and back)

81
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does inferior (CAUDAL) refer to?

A
  • Below another structure

- Pertains to the lower portion of body

82
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does lateral refer to?

A

Pertains to the side

83
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does medial refer to?

A

Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body

84
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does posterior (dorsal) refer to?

A

Back surface of the body

85
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does prone refer to?

A

Lying on the belly. Face down.

86
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does proximal refer to?

A

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of the structure

87
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does sagittal (lateral) plane refer to?

A

Vertical plane dividing the body right and left side

88
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does midsagittal plane refer to?

A

Divides the body into right and left HALVES

89
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does superficial refer to?

A

On the surface

90
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does superior (cephalic) refer to?

A
  • Above another structure

- Pertaining to the head

91
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does supine refer to?

A

Lying on the back. Face up, palms up.

92
Q

Position of body (study guide): What does transverse (axial) plane refer to?

A

Horizontal (cross sectional) plane that divides the body in upper and lower portion

Medical Terminology Part 1 (36 decks)

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