Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the structural organization of the body?
A
Cells –> Tissues –> Organs –> Systems
2
Q
What are the major parts of a cell?
A
- Chromosomes
- Nucleus
- Cell Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondrial
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
3
Q
What is Karyotyping? When is it used?
A
- Karyotyping is a photograph of an individual’s chromosomes arranged by number and structure.
- Determines whether the chromosomes are normal or not, especially for pregnant women
4
Q
What is cytoplasm?
A
It includes all materials outside the nucleus, but still contained within the cell membrane
5
Q
What are the mitochondria?
A
- Small, sausage-shaped bodies that produce energy by burning food.
- “The power plant.” Produces ATP
6
Q
What is endoplasmic reticulum?
A
Network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Large proteins made here.
7
Q
What is the cell membrane?
A
Structure surrounding and protecting them cell. Regulates what comes in and goes out.
8
Q
What is DNA?
A
Chemicals found within each chromosome.
9
Q
What are genes?
A
Regions of DNA within each chromosome.
10
Q
What is anabolism? (Study Guide)
A
- Process of building up large proteins from small proteins called amino acids.
- Build UP!
11
Q
What is catabolism?
A
- Process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released.
- Break DOWN!
12
Q
What is metabolism?
A
- Total of the chemical processes in a cell.
- Catabolism + anabolism
13
Q
What is the nucleus?
A
- Control center of the cell
- Contains the chromosomes
- Tells the cells what to do (activities)
14
Q
Does catabolism or anabolism occur in mitochondria?
A
Catabolism
15
Q
What are the 4 different types of tissues?
A
- Epithelial Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Nerve Tissue
16
Q
What is a histologist?
A
The term for a scientist who specializes in the study of tissue
17
Q
Which tissue conducts impulses all over the body?
A
Nerve
18
Q
Example of what type of tissue include fat and cartilage?
A
Connective
19
Q
What tissue forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin?
A
Epithelial
20
Q
What tissues contains the voluntary and involuntary muscles?
A
Muscle Tissues
21
Q
What are adipose tissues?
A
Collection of fat cells
22
Q
What is a cartilage?
A
Flexible connective tissues often attached to bones at joints.
23
Q
What is the larynx?
A
- Voice box
- located at the upper trachea
- part of the digestive system
24
Q
What is the pharynx?
A
- Throat
- Passageway for food
- Part of the digestive system
25
What is the pituitary gland?
- Endocrine gland at the base of the brain
| - Part of the endocrine system
26
What is the thyroid gland?
Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck
27
What is the trachea?
Windpipe. Tube that leads from throat to bronchial tubes.
28
What is the ureter?
- One of the two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder
- HINT: *Spelling clue: there is 2 e's so that means 2 ureters*
29
What is the urethra?
- Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
| - HINT: *Spelling clue: Urethra has 1 e, and there is only 1 urethra*
30
What is the uterus?
Womb; the organ that holds the fetus
31
What is viscera?
Internal organs
32
What is the definition of organs?
Different types of tissues combine to form an organ
33
What defines a system?
Group of organs working together to perform complex functions.
34
What systems contains the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra?
Urinary or excretory
35
What system contains the thyroid gland and pituitary gland?
Endocrine
36
What system contains the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands?
Skin and sense organs
37
What system contains the muscles, bones, and joints?
Musculoskeletal
38
What system contains the brain, spinal cord, nerves and collection of nerves?
Nervous
39
What system contains the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nodes, spleen, and thymus gland?
Circulatory
40
What is a body cavity?
The space within the body that contains the internal organs (viscera)
41
What body cavity contains the nerves of the spinal cord?
Spinal
42
What body cavity contains the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and liver?
Abdominal
43
What body cavity contains the brain?
Cranial
44
What body cavity contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and bronchial tubes?
Thoracic
45
What body cavity contains the portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and urethra?
Pelvic
46
What body cavity contains the pleural cavity and the mediastinum?
Thoracic cavity
47
Which body cavity contains the peritoneum?
Abdominal
48
What body cavity contains the diaphragm?
Abdominal
49
What is the landmark importance of the diaphragm?
- It is the muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
- Moves up and down and aids in breathing
50
What does dorsal mean?
Posterior. Pertaining to the back
51
What is the landmark importance of the mediastinum?
- Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs.
| - Contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tube, and many lymph nodes
52
What is the peritoneum?
- Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity.
53
What is the pleura?
Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung
54
What is the pleural cavity?
Space between the pleural layers
55
What is ventral?
Anterior. Pertaining to the front.
56
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right upper region below the cartilage of ribs that extend over the abdomen.
Right hypocondriac region
57
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the left upper region below the rib cartilage.
Left hypochondriac region
58
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located above the stomach.
Epigastric region
59
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right middle region near the waist.
Right lumbar region
60
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the left middle region near the waist.
Left lumbar region
61
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the region of the navel or umbilicus.
Umbilical region
62
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right lower region near the groin.
Right inguinal region
63
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the left lower region near the groin.
Left inguinal region
64
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the middle lower region below the umbilical region.
Hypogastric region
65
What are the division of the back? How many of each?
1. Cervical = C1-C7 (neck region)
2. Thoracic = T1-T12 (chest region)
3. Lumbar = L1-L5 (waist region)
4. Sacral = S1 to S5 (sacrum)
5. Coccygeal = tailbone, a small bone composed of four fused pieces.
66
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right and upper regions beneath the ribs. (Study Guide)
Hypochondriac
67
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the middle upper region above the stomach. (Study Guide)
Epigastric
68
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right and left middle regions near the waist. (Study Guide)
Lumbar
69
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the central region near the navel. (Study Guide)
Umbilical
70
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the right and left lower regions near the groin. (Study Guide)
Inguinal
71
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the middle lower region below the umbilical region. (Study Guide)
Hypogastric
72
What does vertebra mean?
Single backbone
73
What does vertebrae mean?
Backbones
74
What does spinal column mean?
Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity
75
What does spinal cord mean?
Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
76
What does disk (disc) mean?
Pad of cartilage between vertebrae
77
Position of body (study guide): What does anterior (ventral) refer to?
Front surface of the body
78
Position of body (study guide): What does deep refer to?
Away from the surface
79
Position of body (study guide): What does distal refer to?
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
80
Position of body (study guide): What does frontal (CORONAL) plane refer to?
Vertical plane dividing the body structure into anterior and posterior (front and back)
81
Position of body (study guide): What does inferior (CAUDAL) refer to?
- Below another structure
| - Pertains to the lower portion of body
82
Position of body (study guide): What does lateral refer to?
Pertains to the side
83
Position of body (study guide): What does medial refer to?
Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body
84
Position of body (study guide): What does posterior (dorsal) refer to?
Back surface of the body
85
Position of body (study guide): What does prone refer to?
Lying on the belly. Face down.
86
Position of body (study guide): What does proximal refer to?
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of the structure
87
Position of body (study guide): What does sagittal (lateral) plane refer to?
Vertical plane dividing the body right and left side
88
Position of body (study guide): What does midsagittal plane refer to?
Divides the body into right and left HALVES
89
Position of body (study guide): What does superficial refer to?
On the surface
90
Position of body (study guide): What does superior (cephalic) refer to?
- Above another structure
| - Pertaining to the head
91
Position of body (study guide): What does supine refer to?
Lying on the back. Face up, palms up.
92
Position of body (study guide): What does transverse (axial) plane refer to?
Horizontal (cross sectional) plane that divides the body in upper and lower portion
