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AP Psych > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of attention?

A

It involves awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

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2
Q

What are the levels of processing?

A

Structural encoding, phonemic encoding and semantic encoding

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3
Q

What’s structural encoding?

A

Emphasizes the physical structure of the stimuli

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4
Q

What is phonemic encoding?

A

The sound of a word

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5
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

Meaning of the word

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6
Q

What is elaboration?

A

The linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Makes learning process more meaningful

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7
Q

Self-referent encoding

A

Involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant

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8
Q

What sensory memory?

A

Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

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9
Q

Wha is storage?

A

Involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time

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10
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Involves recovering information from memory stores

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11
Q

What is short term memory/working memory?

A

A limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 seconds

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12
Q

What’s George Millers “Magic Number”?

A

8 + or - 2

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13
Q

What is working memory capacity?

A

Refers to ones ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

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14
Q

What is a schema?

A

Organization of thoughts on previous accounts

-super model

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15
Q

What is a conceptual hierarchy/clustering?

A

A multi-level classification system based on common properties among items

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16
Q

What is a semantic network?

A

It consists of nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts

Turns into a spider web

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17
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

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18
Q

What is flashbulb memory?

A

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of the circumstances in which people learned about momentous, newsworthy events

9/11

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19
Q

What are connectionist networks (PDP)?

A

Simultaneously activating all sections of the brain at the same time

Fire truck- diff lobes

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20
Q

What is connectionism?

A

Informations lies in the strengths of the connections

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21
Q

What are retrieval clues?

A

Stimuli that help gain access to memories

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22
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

When participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post event information

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23
Q

What is source monitoring error?

A

When a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

24
Q

What is reality monitoring?

A

The process deciding whether memories are based on internal or external sources

25
Q

What is Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve?

A

It graphs retention and forgetting over time

Drops off then flattens

26
Q

What is recognition?

A

The measure of retention requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of oppositions

27
Q

What is recall?

A

A measure of retention reunites subjects to reproduce their own w/out any cues

28
Q

What is encoding?

A

Involves forming a memory case

29
Q

What does it mean to be theorized?

A

That something can be proven wrong later with technology

30
Q

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

A

When memory is encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory

31
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

When you remember the things at the beginning and end of a list but not the middle

32
Q

What is storage decay?

A

Even when we memorize something well, there’s a chance of forgetting it

33
Q

What is encoding failure?

A

When we fail to encode information and if never had a chance to enter LTM

34
Q

What is retrieval failure?

A

When memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory

Basically tip of the tongue phenomenon

35
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

36
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

37
Q

What is motivated forgetting(repression)?

A

When we sometimes revise our own histories when you don’t want to admit something

38
Q

What does the left side of the hippocampus deal with?

A

Verbal

39
Q

What does the right side of the hippocampus deal with?

A

Visual and location

40
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

It finds the memory like a librarian finding a book

41
Q

What is explicit long-term memory?

A

Declarative

General knowledge (semantic memory)

Personally experienced events
(Episodic memory)

42
Q

What is implicit long-term memory?

A

Skills-motor and cognitive

Riding a bike

43
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

An increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

Located throughout cortex

44
Q

What is the difference in Declarative and procedural memory?

A

Declarative: available in consciousness

Procedural: body movement
I.e. Driving a car

45
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system

46
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

1/4 second

47
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

Momentary sensory memoirs of auditory stimuli

1 second

48
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Involves remembering to preform actions in the future

49
Q

What is retrospective memory?

A

Involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information

50
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

When you take an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations

51
Q

What is the repressed memory controversy?

A

Refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feeling buried in the unconscious

52
Q

What is the cocktail party phenomenon?

A

Someone could be ignoring everyone else’s conversations in the room but if someone were to say her name she would notice it even if she’s been ignoring it

53
Q

What is visual memory?

A

When imagery is used to enrich encoding and helps people remember things

54
Q

What is phonological loop?

A

Represents all short-term memory

55
Q

What is a visuospatial sketch pad?

A

It permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images

56
Q

What are context cues in psychology?

A

When you go back to an old house and memories flood your mind

AP Psych (14 decks)

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