Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is the role of attention?
It involves awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
What are the levels of processing?
Structural encoding, phonemic encoding and semantic encoding
What’s structural encoding?
Emphasizes the physical structure of the stimuli
What is phonemic encoding?
The sound of a word
What is semantic encoding?
Meaning of the word
What is elaboration?
The linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
Makes learning process more meaningful
Self-referent encoding
Involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant
What sensory memory?
Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second
Wha is storage?
Involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time
What is retrieval?
Involves recovering information from memory stores
What is short term memory/working memory?
A limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 seconds
What’s George Millers “Magic Number”?
8 + or - 2
What is working memory capacity?
Refers to ones ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention
What is a schema?
Organization of thoughts on previous accounts
-super model
What is a conceptual hierarchy/clustering?
A multi-level classification system based on common properties among items
What is a semantic network?
It consists of nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts
Turns into a spider web
What is long-term memory?
An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
What is flashbulb memory?
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of the circumstances in which people learned about momentous, newsworthy events
9/11
What are connectionist networks (PDP)?
Simultaneously activating all sections of the brain at the same time
Fire truck- diff lobes
What is connectionism?
Informations lies in the strengths of the connections
What are retrieval clues?
Stimuli that help gain access to memories
What is the misinformation effect?
When participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post event information
What is source monitoring error?
When a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source
What is reality monitoring?
The process deciding whether memories are based on internal or external sources
What is Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve?
It graphs retention and forgetting over time
Drops off then flattens
What is recognition?
The measure of retention requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of oppositions
What is recall?
A measure of retention reunites subjects to reproduce their own w/out any cues
What is encoding?
Involves forming a memory case
What does it mean to be theorized?
That something can be proven wrong later with technology
What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
When memory is encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory
What is the serial position effect?
When you remember the things at the beginning and end of a list but not the middle
What is storage decay?
Even when we memorize something well, there’s a chance of forgetting it
What is encoding failure?
When we fail to encode information and if never had a chance to enter LTM
What is retrieval failure?
When memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory
Basically tip of the tongue phenomenon
What is proactive interference?
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
What is retroactive interference?
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
What is motivated forgetting(repression)?
When we sometimes revise our own histories when you don’t want to admit something
What does the left side of the hippocampus deal with?
Verbal
What does the right side of the hippocampus deal with?
Visual and location
What does the hippocampus do?
It finds the memory like a librarian finding a book
What is explicit long-term memory?
Declarative
General knowledge (semantic memory)
Personally experienced events
(Episodic memory)
What is implicit long-term memory?
Skills-motor and cognitive
Riding a bike
What is long-term potentiation?
An increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
Located throughout cortex
What is the difference in Declarative and procedural memory?
Declarative: available in consciousness
Procedural: body movement
I.e. Driving a car
What is sensory memory?
Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
What is iconic memory?
Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
1/4 second
What is echoic memory?
Momentary sensory memoirs of auditory stimuli
1 second
What is prospective memory?
Involves remembering to preform actions in the future
What is retrospective memory?
Involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information
What is the method of loci?
When you take an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations
What is the repressed memory controversy?
Refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feeling buried in the unconscious
What is the cocktail party phenomenon?
Someone could be ignoring everyone else’s conversations in the room but if someone were to say her name she would notice it even if she’s been ignoring it
What is visual memory?
When imagery is used to enrich encoding and helps people remember things
What is phonological loop?
Represents all short-term memory
What is a visuospatial sketch pad?
It permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images
What are context cues in psychology?
When you go back to an old house and memories flood your mind
