Chapter 7 Flashcards
A neonate usually weights _________ at birth.
6 to 8 lbs
Which reflex occurs when something touches a neonate’s cheek and the neonate turns his or her head instinctively toward the touch?
rooting reflex
How do school-age children act during the stage of pre conventional reasoning?
Avoid punishment (external consequences)
Moro reflex?
neonate opens arms wide, spreads fingers, and seems to grab things.
When does Palmar grasp occur?
when an object is placed into the neonate’s palm.
Spaces between the bones that eventually fuse to form the skull.
Fontanelles
Posterior fontanelle fuses by ___ months.
3
Anterior fontanelle fuses between ___ and ___ months
9
18
At how many months of age are neonates tracking objects with their eyes and recognizing familiar faces?
2 months.
At how many months of age are Neonates sitting upright and babbling?
6 months.
At how many months of age are neonate walking with minimal assistance?
12 months.
What is the main method of communicating distress by an infant?
Crying
How do school-age children act during the stage of pre conventional reasoning?
Act to avoid punishment (external consequences)
How do children act when in the conventional reasoning phase?
Children look for approval from peers and society.
How do children act in the post conventional reasoning phase?
Children make decisions guided by their conscience.
Lifelong habits such as eating preferences, exercise, and tobacco use are solidified during what age range?
19-25 years old.
When does menopause - the cessation of menstruation - begin?
late 40s or early 50s.
More than 60% of people older than 65 years suffer from what disorder, which commonly affects coronary vessels?
atherosclerosis.
Why can a simple cold for an 80-year-old person mean pneumonia and possible death?
Primarily a weakened immune system and decreased lung function.
In late adulthood, blood pressure may drop by as much as….
30%
An infant’s blood pressure typically increase with age because:
A. the infant’s total blood volume decrease with age.
B. his or. her normal heart rate usually increases with age.
C. as the infant gets older, his or her blood vessels dilate.
D. blood pressure directly corresponds to body weight.
D. blood pressure directly corresponds to body weight.
Infants are often referred to as “belly breathers” because:
A. their rib cage is less rigid, and the ribs sit horizontally.
B. an infant’s ribs are brittle and are less able to expand.
C. their intercostal muscles are not functional.
D. their diaphragm does not receive impulse from the brain.
A. their rib cage is less rigid, and the ribs sit horizontally.
An infant or small toddler would most likely gain trust in a person who:
A. provides an organized, routine environment.
B. maintains eye contact, even if the person is a stranger.
C. frequently changes the infant or toddler’s regular routine.
D. does not tower over him or her and avoids painful procedures.
A. provides an organized, routine environment.
Physical changes that typically occur in early adults include an:
A. increase in muscle strength and reflexes.
B. increase in height because of spinal disc expansion.
C. increase in fatty tissue, which leads to weight gain.
D. increase in respiratory rate due to increased metabolism.
C. increase in fatty tissue, which leads to weight gain.
At present, the average life expectancy is _________ years, while the maximum life expectancy is estimated at ___________ years.
A. 68,100
B. 70,102
C. 72,110
D. 78,120
D. 78,120
The decline in cardiac function that commonly occurs in late adulthood is most often related to:
A. hypotension
B. medication use.
C. Kidney failure.
D. atherosclerosis.
D. atherosclerosis.
In late adults, the amount of air left in the lungs after expiration of the maximum amount of air:
A. remains unchanged because the lungs have become accustomed to years of breathing pollution.
B. decreases, resulting in widespread collapsing of the alveoli and impaired diffusion of gases.
C. increase, which hampers diffusion of gases because of the stagnant air that remains in the alveoli.
D. decreases, which increases diffusion in the lungs and causes an accumulation of carbon dioxide.
C. increase, which hampers diffusion of gases because of the stagnant air that remains in the alveoli.
Why does the incidence of diabetes mellitus increase with age?
A. Decreased food intake, decreased weight gain, and decreased blood sugar levels.
B. Decreased physical activity, increased weight gain, and decreased insulin production.
C. Increased physical activity, increased food intake, and increased insulin production.
D. Decreased physical activity increased weight gain, and decreased blood sugar levels.
B. Decreased physical activity, increased weight gain, and decreased insulin production.
When you are communicating with an older patient, it is important to remember that:
A. deafness and blindness are a normal part of the process of aging.
B. most older patients are confused due to a decrease in brain cells.
C. age-related changes diminish the effectiveness of the eyes and ears.
D. the majority of older patients experience a loss of low-frequency hearing.
C. age-related changes diminish the effectiveness of the eyes and ears.
Mental function often begins to decline within ______ year(s) before death.
A. one
B. three
C. five
D. eight
C. five
Which of the following statements regarding an infant’s vital signs is correct?
A. An infant’s heart rate generally ranges between 70 and 110 beats/min
B. An infant’s normal body temperature is typically higher than a preschooler’s normal body temperature.
C. By six months of age, an infant’s normal tidal volume is 2 to 4 mL/kg
D. An infant’s normal heart rate increases by 10 beats/min each month.
B. An infant’s normal body temperature is typically higher than a preschooler’s normal body temperature.
Which of the following is an anatomical difference between children and adults?
A. The rib cage of an infant is less flexible than an adult’s rib cage.
B. An infant’s tongue is proportionately larger than an adult’s tongue.
C. The trachea of an infant is proportionately longer than an adult’s trachea.
D. An infant’s head accounts for less body weight than an adult’s head.
B. An infant’s tongue is proportionately larger than an adult’s tongue.
Which of the following is an anatomical difference between children and adults?
A. The rib cage of an infant is less flexible than an adult’s rib cage.
B. An infant’s tongue is proportionately larger than an adult’s tongue.
C. The trachea of an infant is proportionately longer than an adult’s trachea.
D. An infant’s head accounts for less body weight than an adult’s head.
B. An infant’s tongue is proportionately larger than an adult’s tongue.
An infant or small child’s airway can be occluded if it is overextended or overflexed because:
A. the back of the head is flat, which prevents a neutral position.
B. he or she has a long neck, which makes the trachea prone to collapse.
C. The occiput is proportionately large and the trachea is flexible.
D. the tongue is proportionately small and can fall back into the throat.
C. The occiput is proportionately large and the trachea is flexible.
In contrast to secure attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment occurs when a child:
A. becomes acutely anxious in the presence of strangers or in unfamiliar surroundings.
B. clings to a parent or caregiver because he or she knows that the person can be trusted.
C. shows little emotional response to a parent or caregiver following repeated rejection.
D. reaches out and explores because he or she knows that the parents are there as a safety net.
C. shows little emotional response to a parent or caregiver following repeated rejection.
At what age does separation anxiety typically peak in infants and small children?
A. 6 to 8 months
B. 10 to 18 months
C. 18 to 24 months
D. 24 to 36 months
B. 10 to 18 months
Which of the following statements regarding toddlers and preschoolers is correct?
A. the normal respiratory rate in toddlers and preschoolers is between 12 and 20 breaths/min
B. toddlers and preschoolers have well-developed lung musculature, even though they have less lung tissue.
C. Muscle mass and bone density decrease in toddlers and preschoolers because of increased physical activity.
D. Toddlers and preschoolers commonly experience upper respiratory infections because of the loss of passive immunity.
D. Toddlers and preschoolers commonly experience upper respiratory infections because of the loss of passive immunity.
The human body should be functioning at its optimal level between the ages of:
A. 18 and 22 years old
B. 19 and 25 years old
C. 21 and 30 years old
D. 25 and 35 years old.
B. 19 and 25 years old
Which of the following statements regarding middle adults is correct?
A. Cardiovascular health becomes an issue int his age group, as does the greater incidence of cancer.
B. Women in the middle adult age group typically experience menopause in their late 50s or early 60s.
C. Significant impairments in hearing and vision begin to occur in persons between the ages of 41 and 44 years.
D. Increased cholesterol levels in the middle adult age group often do not respond to exercise and diet.
A. Cardiovascular health becomes an issue int his age group, as does the greater incidence of cancer.
Breathing is often more difficult in older adults because the:
A. elasticity of the lungs decreases.
B. surface area of the alveoli increases.
C. overall size of the airway decreases.
D. diaphragm and intercostal muscles enlarge.
A. elasticity of the lungs decreases.
Factors that contribute to a decline in the vital capacity of an elderly patient include all of the following, except:
A. a loss of respiratory muscle mass.
B. increased stiffness of the thoracic cage.
C. decreased residual volume.
D. increased surface are available for air exchange.
D. increased surface are available for air exchange.
Age-related changes in the renal system result in:
A. a significant increase in filtration, which causes the excretion of large amounts of water from the body.
B. a decreased ability to clear wastes from the body and a decreased ability to conserve fluids when needed.
C. the formation of large amounts of urine secondary to an increase in kidney mass of up to 20%
D. dilation of the blood vessels that supply the nephrons, which allows the kidneys to maintain their function.
B. a decreased ability to clear wastes from the body and a decreased ability to conserve fluids when needed.
Which of the following statements regarding age-related changes in the nervous system is correct?
A. The metabolic rate in the brain increase with age, but the consumption of oxygen decreases significantly.
B. The metabolic rate in the brain increase with age, but the consumption of oxygen decrease significantly.
C. Generally speaking, the brain increase in size by 10% to 20% by the time a person reaches 80 years of age.
D. Because of decrease in the number of rain cells, a person’s level of intelligence decrease with age.
A. The metabolic rate in the brain increase with age, but the consumption of oxygen decreases significantly
Which of the following is not a common factor that would affect a 75-year-old patient’s vital signs?
A. Medications
B. Overall Health
C. Increased weight
D. Medical conditions
C. Increased weight
The average pulse rate of persons between 19 and 40 years of age is typically:
A. 60 beats/min
B. 70 beats/min
C. 80 beats/min
D. 90 beats/min
B. 70 beats/min
Which of the following statements regarding psychosocial development in adolescent age group is correct?
A. antisocial behavior and peer pressure peak around 14 to 16 years of age.
B. Family conflict decreases as the adolescent gains control of his or her own life.
C. Adolescents are less fixated on their public image than younger children.
D. Because they think rationally, adolescents are at the lowest risk for suicide.
A. antisocial behavior and peer pressure peak around 14 to 16 years of age.
In pre conventional reasoning, children:
A. make decisions based on their conscience.
B. look for approval from their peers and society.
C. act almost purely to avoid punishment and to get what they want
D. blame their actions on what they have observed in older children.
C. act almost purely to avoid punishment and to get what they want
Which of the following are noticeable characteristics of a 9-month-old infant?
A. Places objects in the mouth, pulls himself or herself up.
B. Knows his or her name, can walk without any assistance.
C. Responds to his or her name, crawls around efficiently.
D. Walks without help, becomes frustrated with restrictions.
A. Places objects in the mouth, pulls himself or herself up.
In contrast to secure attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment occurs when a child:
A. becomes acutely anxious in the presence of strangers or in unfamiliar surroundings.
B. clings to a parent or caregiver because he or she knows that the person can be trusted.
C. shows little emotional response to a parent or caregiver following repeated rejection.
D. reaches out and explores because he or she knows that the parents are there as a safety net.
C. shows little emotional response to a parent or caregiver following repeated rejection.
The pulse rate of a child from ages 6 to 12 years is approximately:
A. 60-100 beats/min
B. 70-120 beats/min
C. 90-140 beats/min
D. 100-150 beats/min
B. 70-120 beats/min
You are assessing a 13-month-old female who is running a fever and has been vomiting. While you are performing your physical examination on this child, you will most likely find that she:
A. is unable to track your movements with her eyes.
B. responds to her name but is fearful of your presence.
C. will readily allow you to separate her from her mother.
D. has bulging fontanelles secondary to severe dehydration.
B. responds to her name but is fearful of your presence.
