Chapter 22 Toxicology Flashcards
Addiction?
A state of overwhelming obsession or physical need to continue the use of a substance.
A state of overwhelming obsession or physical need to continue the use of a substance.
Addiction.
Antidote?
A substance that is used to neutralize or counteract a poison.
A substance that is used to neutralize or counteract a poison.
Antidote.
Delirium Tremens (DTs)?
A severe withdrawal syndrome seen in alcoholics who are deprived of ethyl alcohol; characterized by restlessness, fever, sweating, disorientation, agitation, and seizures; can be fatal if untreated.
Emesis?
vomiting.
Hallucinogen?
An agent that produce false perceptions in any one of the five senses.
An agent that produce false perceptions in any one of the five senses.
Hallucinogen.
Hematemesis?
vomiting blood.
Hypnotic?
A sleep-inducing effect or agent.
A sleep-inducing effect or agent.
Hypnotic.
Ingestion?
Swallowing; taking a substance by mouth.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
A form, provided by manufacturers and compounders of chemicals, containing information about chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, health and safety hazards, emergency response,and waste disposal of a specific material. Aka safety data sheet.
Narcotic?
A drug that produces sleep or altered mental consciousness.
A drug that produces sleep or altered mental consciousness.
Narcotic.
Opiate?
A subset of the opioid family, referring to natural, non synthetic opioids.
Opioid?
A synthetically produced narcotic medication, drug, or agent similar to the opiate morphine, but not derived from opium; used to relieve pain.
A synthetically produced narcotic medication, drug, or agent similar to the opiate morphine, but not derived from opium; used to relieve pain.
Opioid.
Overdose?
An excessive quantity of a drug that, when taken or administered, can have toxic or lethal consequences.
An excessive quantity of a drug that, when taken or administered, can have toxic or lethal consequences.
Overdose.
Poison?
A substance whose chemical action could damage structures or impair function when introduce into the body.
A substance whose chemical action could damage structures or impair function when introduce into the body.
Poison.
Sedative?
A substance that decreases activity and excitement.
A substance that decreases activity and excitement.
Sedative.
Stimulant?
An agent that produces an excited state.
An agent that produces an excited state.
Stimulant.
Substance abuse?
The misuse of any substance to produce a desired effect.
The misuse of any substance to produce a desired effect.
Substance abuse.
Tolerance?
The need for increasing amounts of a drug to obtain the same effect.
The need for increasing amounts of a drug to obtain the same effect.
Tolerance.
Toxicology?
The study of toxic or poisonous substances.
Toxin?
A poison or harmful substance.
A poison or harmful substance.
toxin.
What percent of poisoning is by ingestion, approximately? What does that include?
80%
Includes plants, contaminated food, and most drugs.
What is the go-to treatment for poisoning if permitted by local protocol?
activated charcoal.
What does alcohol do to the body that is dangerous?
It can depress the CNS and can cause respiratory depression.
Antidote that reverses the effects of opiate or opioid overdose?
Naloxone.
Which class of drugs stimulate the CNS, causing hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, and dilated pupils. What is the most popular drug in this class?
Sympathomimetics (mimic the sympathetic nervous system) .
Cocaine.
Which medication, often taken in suicide attempts, can cause a person to become hot, dry, blind, red-faced, and mentally unbalanced.
Anticholinergic
A class of medications used to treat depressions and other conditions. They work by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain.
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
DUMBELS acronym meaning and use?
Diarrhea.
Urination.
Miosis/Muscle weakness.
Bradycardia/bronchospasm/bronchorrhea.
Emesis.
Lacrimation.
Seizures/Salivation/sweating.
- Used to remember signs and symptoms of cholinergic crisis caused by organophosphate poisoning.
Organophosphate poisoning?
Poisoning by organophosphates which include pesticides and insecticides, that function by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, disrupting the nervous system.
SLUDGEM acronym and use?
Salivation/sweating.
Lacrimation.
Urination.
Defecation/drooling/diarrhea.
Gastric upset and cramps.
Emesis.
Muscle twitching/miosis.
- Used to remember signs and symptoms of cholinergic crisis caused by organophosphate poisoning.
The most severe form of toxin ingestion is ________.
botulism.
Which four ways can a poison be introduced into the body?
Inhalation.
Absorption (surface contact)
Ingestion.
Injection.
Which poison method of introduction is impossible to remove or dilute from the body?
Injection.
Signs and symptoms of Opiates (morphine, codeine) and Opioids (heroin, fentanyl, methadone, oxycodone)?
Hypoventilation or respiratory arrest.
Pinpoint pupils.
Sedation or coma.
Hypotension.
Signs and symptoms of Sympathomimetics (Mephedrone, cocaine, meth)?
Hypertension.
Tachycardia.
Dilated pupils.
Agitation or seizures.
Hyperthermia.
Signs and symptoms of Sedative-hypnotics (diazepam, secobarbital, temazepam, midazolam)?
Slurred speech.
Sedation or coma.
Hypoventilation.
Hyoptension.
Signs and symptoms of anticholinergics (atropine, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, doxylamine)?
Tachycardia.
Hyperthermia.
Hypertension.
Dilated pupils.
Dry skin and mucous membranes.
Sedation, agitation, seizures, coma, or delirium.
Decreased bowel sounds.
Signs and symptoms of cholinergics (organophosphates, pilocarpine, nerve gas)
Airway Compromise.
SLUDGEM acronym.
Emergency treatment for a typical contact poisoning includes what two steps?
- Avoid contaminating yourself or others.
- While protecting yourself from exposure, remove the irritating or corrosive substance from the patient as rapidly as possible.
If a dry powder has been spilled on a patients skin, what are the two steps you should take?
- thoroughly brush off the chemical (avoid creating a dust cloud).
- flush the skin with clean water for 15 to 20 minutes, then wash the skin with soap and water.
If liquid material has been spilled on a patient, what is the main step for treatment?
flooding the affected area for 15 to 20 minutes.
Alcohol is a powerful __________ depressant.
Central Nervous System
Unlike most other sedative-hypnotics, inhalants can often cause _________.
seizures.
A high toxic, colorless, and flammable gas with a distinctive rotten-egg odor?
Hydrogen sulfide.
Which parts of the body does hydrogen sulfide affect the most?
Lungs and CNS
Technical name of bath salts?
Synthetic Cathinones.
Three most common primary effects of bath salts (synthetic cahtinones)?
Euphoria.
Increased Mental Clarity.
Sexual arousal.
Adverse effects of bath salts (synthetic cahtinones)?
teeth grinding.
appetite loss.
muscle twitching.
lip-smacking.
confusion.
gastrointesintal conditions.
paranoia.
headache.
tachycardia.
hallucinations.
Medications that block the parasympathetic nerves?
Anticholinergic agents
