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Abnormal Psychology 2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Disturbances of mood that are intense and persistent enough to be clearly maladaptive.

A

Mood disorder.

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2
Q

All mood disorders, extremes of emotion or _______________ - soaring elation or deep depression - dominate the clinical picture.

A

Affect.

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3
Q

Emotional state characterized y extraordinary sadness and dejection.

A

Depression.

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4
Q

Emotional state characterized b intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria.

A

Mania.

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5
Q

Sometimes and individual may have symptoms of mania and depression during the same time period. These are called?

A

Mixed episodes.

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6
Q

Mood disorder in which a person experiences only depressive episodes, as opposed to bipolar disorder, in which both manic and depressive episodes occur.

A

Unipolar depressive isorder.

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7
Q

Mood disorders in which a person experiences both manic and depressive episodes.

A

Bipolar disorder.

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8
Q

Period of markeedly depressed mood or loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities (or both) for at least 2 weeks, accompanied by other symptoms such as changes in sleep or appetite or feelings of worthlessness.

A

Depressive Episode.

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9
Q

A condition in which a person shows markedly elevated, euphoric, or expansive mood, often interrupted by occassional outbursts of intense irritability of even violence that lasts for at least 1 week. In addition, at least three out of seven other designated smptoms must also occur.

A

Manic episode.

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10
Q

A condition lasting at least 4 days in which a person experiences abnorally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. At least three out of seven other designated symptoms similar to those in a manic episode must also be present but to a lesser degree than in mania.

A

Hypomanic episode.

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11
Q

Moderate to severe modd disorder in which a person experiences only major depressive episodes but no hypomanic, manic, or mixes episodes. Single episode if only one; recurrent episode if more than one.

A

Major depressive disorder.

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12
Q

A mental condition in whicha a person must be markedly depressed for most of every day for most days for at least 2 weeks. In addition, a total of at least five out of nine designated symptoms must also be present during the same time period.

A

Major depressive episode.

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13
Q

True/ False: Rate of major depression are always much higher for women then men.

A

True.

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14
Q

True/ False: Rates of bipolar disorder are related to socioeconomic class.

A

False, careful research has indicated that this is not true.

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15
Q

Bipolar disorder occurs in alarming frequency in these artists?

A

Poets, writers, composers, and artists.

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16
Q

People diagnosed with mania would be most accurately described as experiencing periods of ______________.

A

Exctiment and euphoria.

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17
Q

The minimum required duration of symptoms for a depressive episode is __________ and the minimum required duration of symptoms for a manic episode is __________.

A

2 weeks; 1 week.

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18
Q

A person who suffers from a less-severe form of mania that lasts for a minimum of 4 days might be described as experiencing __________. It is typically less disruptive of a person’s life than a full episode of mania

A

Hypomania.

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19
Q

Which of the following is the most reasonable sociocultural explanation for the increased incidence of major depressive disorder in people from lower socioeconomic statuses?

A

Low SES leads to greater levels of adversity and life stress.

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20
Q

The diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder require that a person must be in a _________________________ and never have had a manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode.

A

Major depressive episode.

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21
Q

Depressive episodes last about __________________ months if untreated.

A

6-9 months.

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22
Q

Although most depressive episodes remit, depressive episodes often return at some point. This return of symptoms is of one of two types - what are they?

A

Relapse; and recurrence.

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23
Q

Return of the smptoms of a disorder after a fairly short period of time.

A

Relapse.

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24
Q

A new occurrence of a disorder after a remission of symptom.

A

Recurrence.

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25
Q

Different patterns of symptoms that sometimes characterize major depressive episodes that may help predict the course and preffered treatments for the condition.

A

Specifiers (in mood disorders)

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26
Q

A type of major depressive episode that includes marked symptoms of loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities, play at least three of six other designated symptoms.

A

Major depressive episode with melancholic features.

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27
Q

Major depression involving loss of contact with reality, often in the form of delusions or hallucinations.

A

Sever major depressive episode with psychotic features.

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28
Q

Delusions or hallucinations that are consistent with a persons mood.

A

Mood congruent.

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29
Q

A type of major depressive episode that includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by marker mood reactivity, as well as at least two out of four other designated symptoms.

A

Major depressive episode with atypical features.

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30
Q

A subset of major depressive disorders that is characterized by severe disturbances in motor function.

A

Major depressive episode with catatonic features.

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31
Q

A new DSM-5 disorder that involves long standing depressed mood (2 years or more). the disorder incorporates dysthymic disorder and chronic major depression from the DSM-IV-TR.

A

Persistent depressive disorder.

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32
Q

This condition is diagnosed when a person with dysthymia has a superimposed major depressive episode.

A

Double depression.

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33
Q

The average duration of persistent depressive disorder is ______________ years, but it can last for 20 years of more.

A

4-5 years.

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34
Q

Bowlby’s classic observations revealed that there are usualy four phases of normal response to the loss of a spouse or close family member - what are they? (Read only, no need to memorize.)

A
  1. Numbing and disbelief.
  2. Yearning and searching for the dead person. 3. Disorganization and despair that sets in when the person accepts the loss as permanent.
  3. Some reorganization as the person gradually begins to rebuild his or her life.
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35
Q

There is a greater likelihood of developing major depressing after the ____________ blues - especially if they are severe.

A

Postpartum.

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36
Q

Marcela has been feeling depressed and down for most of the day, nearly every day, over the past two months. In addition to this low mood, she reports not being interested in doing anything, including watching soccer, even though her favorite soccer team made it to the World Cup. She also reports getting little to no sleep, not feeling hungry, having difficulty making decisions, and irrational guilt. Which of the following would preclude Marcela from qualifying for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder?

A

HAving experienced a hypomanic episode in the past.

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37
Q

What is the relationship between the experience of depressive symptoms and significant levels of anxiety?

A

There is a very high level of comorbidity between depressive and anxiety disorders.

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38
Q

How might one most aptly distinguish between a relapse and a recurrence of depressive symptoms?

A

A relapse is a re-emergence of previous symptoms; a recurrence is the emergence of a new episode of depression.

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39
Q

According to research presented in this module, somewhere between __________ and __________ percent of adolescents experience either major depressive disorder or subclinical levels of depression at some point.

A

25;40

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40
Q

____________________ have shown that the prevalence of mood disorders is approximately two or three times higher among blood relatives of persons with clinically diagnosed unipolar depression that it is in the population at large.

A

Family studies.

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41
Q

A gene involved in the transmission and reuptake of serotonin, one of the key neurotransmitters involved in depression.

A

Serotoin transporter gene.

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42
Q

This theory of depression states that depression was at least sometimes due to an absolute or relative deplation of one or both of these neurotransmitters at important receptor sites in the brain.

A

Monamine theory of depression.

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43
Q

Negative beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive.

A

Dysfunctional beliefs.

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44
Q

Dysfunctional beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive and that are thought to leave one susceptible to depression when experiencing stress.

A

Depressogenic schemas

45
Q

Thoughts that are just below the surface of awareness and that involve unpleasant pessimistic predictions.

A

Negatiev automatic thoughts.

46
Q

Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.

A

Negative cogntiive triad.

47
Q

Involves a tendency to think in extremes.

A

DIchotomous or all or none reasoning.

48
Q

A tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other elements of the situation.

A

Selective abstraction.

49
Q

Involves jumping to a conclusion based on minimal or no evidence.

A

Arbitrary inference.

50
Q

A theory that animals and people exposed to uncontrollable aversive events learn that they have no control over these events and this causes them to behave in a passice and helpless manner when later exposed to potentially controllable events. Later extended to become a theory of depression.

A

Learn helplessness.

51
Q

Process of assigning causes to things that happen.

A

Attribution.

52
Q

Cognitive style involving a tendency to make internal, stable, and global attributions for negative life events.

A

Pessimistic attributional style.

53
Q

Refers to the process of going over and over in one’s mind or going over a thoughts repeatedl time and time again.

A

Rumination.

54
Q

Who are more likely to ruminate when depressed - men or women?

A

Women.

55
Q

According to twin studies, monozygotic twins who have a co-twin with major depressive disorder are about __________ as likely as dizygotic twins to develop depression.

A

Twice

56
Q

Lavinia has been going through very difficult times lately, with both an increase in life stressors and the emergence of depressive symptoms. If her physician were to take a sample of blood from her, it is likely that she would find elevated levels of which stress hormone?

A

Cortisol

57
Q

Why is seasonal affective disorder much more common in the fall and winter months than in spring and summer?

A

Those seasons provide a reduction in the amount of available light.

58
Q

In a single word, what did Sigmund Freud feel was at the root of most people’s symptoms of depression?

A

Loss

59
Q

Which researcher was the first to propose the idea of learned helplessness as being a significant contributing factor to the symptoms of a major depressive episode?

A

Martin Seligman.

60
Q

Mild mood disorder characterized by cyclical period of hypomanic and depressive symptoms.

A

Cyclothymic disorder.

61
Q

Who was the first person to introduce the term “manic-depressive insanity”?

A

Kraeplin

62
Q

A form of bipolar disorder in which the person experience both manic (or mixed) episodes and major depressive episodes.

A

Bipolar I disorder.

63
Q

A condition in which a person is characterized by symptoms of both full blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week, whether the symptoms are intermized or alternate rapidly every few days.

A

Mixed episodes.

64
Q

A form of bipolar disorder in which the person experiences both hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes.

A

Bipolar II disorder.

65
Q

Bipolar disorder with recurrences in particular seasons of the year.

A

Bipolar disorder with a seasonal pattern.

66
Q

The duration of manic and hypoomanic episodes tends to be shorter than the duration of depressive episodes - about how long is the difference?

A

Three times as many days spent depressed as manic or hypomanic.

67
Q

A pattern of bipolar disorder involved at least four manic or depressive episodes per year.

A

Rapid cycling.

68
Q

__________ disorder is marked by repeated experiences of hypomanic symptoms for a period of at least __________.

A

Cyclothymic; 2 years.

69
Q

Why is a person who demonstrates symptoms of mania without any history of depression still given a diagnosis of bipolar disorder?

A

It is assumed that either they have had undiagnosed depressive symptoms or that such symptoms will occur in the future.

70
Q

In order for a person with bipolar disorder to be described as having a rapid cycling pattern, he or she would have to have at least __________ episodes of manic or depressive cycles in a given year.

A

4

71
Q

The average concordance rate for bipolar disorder is about __________ percent for monozygotic twins, compared to __________ percent for dizygotic twins.

A

60; 12

72
Q

In the 2004 World Mental Health Study conducted by the World Health Organization, the prevalence and characteristics of psychological disorders were examined in 20 different countries. The 12-month prevalence rate of depression was found to be lowest in __________.

A

Nigeria

73
Q

(MAOI’s) Class of antidepressant drugs sometimes used for treating depression.

A

Monoamine-oxidase inhibitors.

74
Q

Medications used to treat depression, and sometimes anxiety disorder, that are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapse.

A

Tricyclic antidepressants.

75
Q

(SSRI’s) A medication that inhibits serotonin and is used in the treatment of depression.

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

76
Q

How long do antidepressant drugs usually take to work?

A

3-5 weeks.

77
Q

A common salt formed from a soft, silver-white metal; it has been found to reduce the symptoms of bipolar disorder although it has a number of negative side effects.

A

Lithium.

78
Q

Use of electricity to produce convulsions and unconciousness; a treatment used primarily to allegiate depressive and manic episodes. Also known as electroshock therapy.

A

Electroconvulsive therapy.

79
Q

A noninvasive technique allowing focal stimulation of the brain in patients who are awake. Breif but intense pulsating magnetic fields that induce electrical activity in certain parts of the cortex are delivered.

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation.

80
Q

Involves implanting an electrode in the brain and then stimulationg that area with an electric curren.t

A

Deep brain stimulation.

81
Q

Therapy based on altering dysfunctional thoughts and cognitive distortions.

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy.

82
Q

The logic of this treatment is based on findings that people with recurrent depression are likelt to have negative thinking patterns activated when they are simply in a depressed mood.

A

Mindfulness based cognitive therapy.

83
Q

Treatment for depression in which the patient and the therapist work together to help the patient find ways to become more active and engaged with life.

A

Behavioural activation treatment.

84
Q

(IPT) A time limited psychotherapy approach that docuses on the interpsonal context and on building interperosonal skills.

A

Interpersonal therapy.

85
Q

Generally speaking, a person who has just started taking antidepressants should not expect to experience a significant reduction in depressive symptoms for about __________.

A

3-5 weeks.

86
Q

What type of therapy aimed at the treatment of depression involves meditation techniques that emphasize patients’ awareness of unwanted thoughts, feelings, and sensations?

A

Mindfulness based cognitive therapy.

87
Q

Taking one’s own life.

A

Suicide.

88
Q

(NSSI) Direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to due.

A

Nonsuicidal self injury.

89
Q

The disorder that is most prevalent among those who die by suicide is __________.

A

Depression.

90
Q

Angelina, age 12, sits several times a week in a locked bathroom in her home and uses a razor blade to cut the inside of her thighs. The practice is painful to her, but she experiences that pain as a positive sensation rather than a negative one. Angelina’s behavior would be classified as __________.

A

Nonsuicidal self injury (NSSI)

91
Q

Whereas suicide is relatively rare among children, the prevalence of such behaviors increases starting at around age __________ and continues to increase into the early- to mid-20s.

A

12

92
Q

Which figure, described in your text as the “godfather of suicide research,” has written extensively about what constitutes a suicidal mind?

A

Schenidman.

93
Q

Recent neuroimaging research indicates that when suicidal people think about suicide, they show greater activation in brain regions associated with __________ compared to people who have no history of suicidal thoughts or behaviors.

A

Self referential thought.

94
Q

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required pharmaceutical companies to place warnings on the packaging for antidepressant medications that state that these drugs might __________.

A

Increase the risk of sucidal behavour.

95
Q

Since the 1960s, the availability of competent assistance at times of suicidal crisis has been expanded through the establishment of __________.

A

Suicide hotlines.

96
Q

In classical Greece, a person who was extremely ill could __________.

A

petition the state and receive permission to end his life

97
Q

Which of the following mood disorders is the most prevalent in the United States?

A

Major depressive disorder.

98
Q

In what age group are rates of depression equal among males and females in the United States?

A

older adults/elderly

99
Q

__________ refers to the inability to experience pleasure.

A

anhedonia

100
Q

What do cyclothymic disorder and bipolar II disorder have in common?

A

They both involve periods of hypomanic symptoms.

101
Q

Which of the following may explain the lower prevalence rates of mood disorders in Nigeria compared to the United States?

A

People in Nigeria may be less willing to report symptoms of psychopathology because of stigma.

102
Q

Which of the following reasons most accurately describes why SSRIs tend to be prescribed more often than TCAs for depression?

A

TCAs can cause several unpleasant side effects.

103
Q

Approximately __________ percent of adolescents and young adults have engaged in at least one nonsuicidal self-injury behavior, often with the goal of decreasing high levels of distress and eliciting help from others.

A

15 to 20

104
Q

Which side-effect is Jason, age 14, more likely to experience than Alex, age 55, after starting antidepressant medication?

A

Suicidal thoughts.

105
Q

In the United States, the first state to pass a Death with Dignity Act in 1994 was __________. This gave physicians legal permission to prescribe a lethal dose of medication for a terminally ill patient to ingest on their own.

A

Oregon

106
Q

CBT and medications have been found to be similarly effective in the treatment of severe depression. However, __________.

A

CBT is associated with lower rates of relapse over a one year follow-up period after discontinuation of both treatments

107
Q

The __________, an area of the brain involved in selective attention, shows __________ in patients with depression.

A

anterior cingulate cortex; decreased volume and abnormally low levels of activation

108
Q

Which of the following is a possible side effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

Headaches.

109
Q
A

Abnormal Psychology 2 (9 decks)

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