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Abnormal Psychology 2 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

The set of unique traits and begaviours that characterize the individual.

A

Personality.

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2
Q

The five traits that are at the center of the five-factor model of personality?

A

Oppenness, Concientousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

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3
Q

Gradual development of inflexible and distorted personality and behaviouraly patterns that result in persistently maladaptive ways of perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world.

A

Personality disorder.

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4
Q

A personality disorder is diagnosed when there is an enduring pattern of behavior or inner experience that is…?

A

Pervasive and inflexible, stable across time, and of long duration.

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5
Q

A personality disorder is diagnosed when it also cases either…?

A

Clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning.

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6
Q

A personality disorder is diagnosed when it is manifested in at least two of the following areas…?

A

Cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control.

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7
Q

Cluster A personality disorders include?

A

Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.

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8
Q

Cluster B personality disorders include?

A

Histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline personality disorder.

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9
Q

Cluster C personalist disorders include?

A

Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive compulsive personality disorder.

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10
Q

People with cluster A personality disorders often seem?

A

Off or eccentric, with unusual behaviour ranging from distrust and suspiciousness to social detachment.

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11
Q

People with Cluster B personality disorders often seem?

A

Dramatic, emotional, and erratic.

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12
Q

People with cluster C personality disorders often seem?

A

Anxious and fearful.

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13
Q

Attempts to establish the pattern of occurrence of certain (mental disorders) in different times, places, and groups of people.

A

Epidemiological studies.

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14
Q

Studies that are designed to establish the prevalence (number of cases) of a particular disorder in a very large sample of people living in the community are called __________ studies.

A

Epidemiological.

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15
Q

Hannah has been diagnosed with a personality disorder. She has a tendency to be dramatic, emotional, and erratic. What DSM cluster does Hannah’s pattern of behaviors fall under?

A

Cluster B.

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16
Q

Patrick’s biggest problem is that he has difficulties getting along with others. Although he shows no signs of obvious mental illness, he has longstanding problems with his sense of self and seems unable to function effectively or meet the demands of adult life. Patrick’s behavior patterns are most suggestive of a diagnosis of __________.

A

A personality disorder.

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17
Q

Which of the following best describes why the DSM-5 task force proposed removing the cluster organization of personality disorders?

A

There are too many overlapping features across personality disorder clusters.

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18
Q

Which personality cluster is the most common, with a prevalence rate of around 7 percent?

A

Cluster C.

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19
Q

What is one problem with diagnosing personality disorders?

A

They are not as sharply defined as they are for most other diagnostic categories, so they are often not very precise or easy to follow in practice.

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20
Q

What percentage of patients who qualified for one personality disorder diagnosis also qualified for at least one more?

A

85%

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21
Q

Pervasive suspiciousness and distrust toward others (Personality disorder)

A

Paranoid personality disorder.

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22
Q

What are some of the characteristics of paranoid personality disorder?

A
  1. See themselves as blameless, blaming other for their own mistakes and failures - even to the point of ascribing evil motives to others.
  2. Commonly bear grudges, refuse to forgive perceived insults and sleights, and are quick to react with anger and sometime violent behaviour.
  3. Not usually psychotic
  4. During times of stress they may experience transient psychotic symptoms.
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23
Q

(Personality disorder) Inability to form social relationships or express feelings, and lack of interest in doing so.

A

Schizoid personality disorder.

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24
Q

What are some of the characteristics of schizoid personality disorder?

A
  1. Tend not to have good friends, with the possible exception of a few close relatives.
  2. Lacking social skills and classified as loners or introverts, with soliutary interest and occupations.
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25
Q

What is the heritability of schizoid personality disorder?

A

Around 55%

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26
Q

(Personality disorder) Disorder characterized by excessive interoversion, pervasive social interpersonal deficits, cognitive and perceptual distortions, and eccentricites in communication and behaviour.

A

Schizotypal personality disorder.

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27
Q

What are some of the characteristics of Schiztypal personality disorder?

A
  1. Oddities in thinking, speech, and other behaviors are the most stable characteristics of schizotypal personality disorder, like those with schizophrenia.
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28
Q

True/ False: Schizotypal personality disorder is often thought of by researchers as being an attenuated type of schizophrenia.

A

True.

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29
Q

What is the prevelance of schizotypal personality disorder?

A

1%

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30
Q

What is the heritability of schizotypal personality disorder and its relationship to schizophrenia?

A

Moderate heritability with a genetic relationship to schizphrenia.

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31
Q

True/False: Teenagers who have schizotypal personality disorder have not beeen shownn to be at an increased risk of developing schizophrenia spectrum disorder in adulthood.

A

False, they are at an increased risk.

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32
Q

Personality disorder overt to excessive attention seeking, emotional instability, and self dramatization.

A

Historionic personality disorder.

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33
Q

What is the prevelance of historionic personality diorder?

A

a little over 1%

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34
Q

Hisotrionic personality disorder occurs more frequently in which gender?

A

Females.

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35
Q

Personality disorder - Exaggerated sense of self importance, preoccupation with being admired, and lack of empathy for the feelings of others.

A

Narcisstic personality disorder.

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36
Q

Two different subtypes of narcissitic personality disorder - what are they?

A

Grandiose and vulnerable.

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37
Q

Grandiose narcissism is associated with what characteristics?

A

Grandiosity, aggression, and dominance.

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38
Q

Vulnerable narcissim is associated with what characteristics?

A

Very fragile and unstable sense of self esteeem.

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39
Q

True/ False: Some individuals may fluctuate between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.

A

True.

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40
Q

Research suggests that there is a link between narcissism and spending more time doing what?

A

On social media.

41
Q

Personality disorder - Characized by continual violation of and disregard for the rights of other through deceitful, aggressive or antiosical behaviours, typically remorse or loyalty to anyone.

A

Antisocial personality disorder.

42
Q

At what age can some be diagnosed with ASPD?

A

18 years old.

43
Q

What is teh prevelance of ASPD?

A

2-3% of the population.

44
Q

ASPD is more common in which gender?

A

Men.

45
Q

True/ False: ASPD and Psychopathy are often used interchangeably, however, they are not the same thing.

A

True.

46
Q

What are some of the environmental factors involved in the development of ASPD?

A

Low family income, inner city living, poor supervision by parents, having a young mother, being raised in a single family home, neglect, deliquent siblings, large family size, and harsh discipline from parents.

47
Q

In ASPD Monamine Oxidase A gene (MAOA gene) is involved in the breakdown of what neurchemicals which affect stress of maltreatment that can lead to aggressive behaviour.

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin.

48
Q

True/ False: The relationship between ASPD and substance abuse is not sufficiently strong to form a correlation.

A

False, it is sufficiently strong.

49
Q

In ASPD Early history of oppositional defiance disorder usually begins by age ________, followed by the onset of conduct disorder by the age of _________.

A

6;9

50
Q

What is a second early precursor to ASPD?

A

ADHD.

51
Q

In ASPD, MAOA may alter this neurotransmitter during the course of development, and may comprimise the structure and function of the brain as a person matures.

A

Serotonin.

52
Q

Personality disorder - Characterized by inpulsivity, instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and mood.

A

Borderline personality disorder.

53
Q

What is the central chracteristic of BPD?

A

Affect instability.

54
Q

What is affect instability in BPD?

A

Unusually intense emotional responde to environmental trigggers and a slow return to baseline emotional state.

55
Q

True/False: People with BPD have highly unstable personal relationships.

A

True.

56
Q

What is one characteristic of relationships with someone experiencing BPD?

A

Overidealization of relationships that later ends in bitter dissillusionment, dissapointment and anger.

57
Q

True/ False: 75% of people with BPD have cogntive symptoms. What are some of those cognitive symptoms?

A

True; Some cogntiive symptoms include being out of touch with reality and experiencing psychotic like symptoms such as hallucinations, paranoid ideas, and severe dissociative symptoms.

58
Q

True/ False: BPD does not run in families.

A

True.

59
Q

What is the risk level of people who have BPD that run in their families?

A

Four times higher with patient who had parents with BPD.

60
Q

True/ False: There are no consistent or conclusive genetic findings in BPD.

A

True.

61
Q

What early life experiences have been linked to having BPD?

A

Extreme childhood maltreatment.

62
Q

What percentage of patients with BPD reported childhood abuse/ neglect?

A

90%

63
Q

What areas of the brain are usually associated with BPD?

A

Heightened response in the amygdala, as well as reduced prefrontal regulation.

64
Q

Personality disorder associated with extreme social inhibition and introversion, hypersensitivty to criticism and rejection, limited social relationships, and low self esteem.

A

Acoidant personality disorder.

65
Q

What are the two most stable, prevalent features of avoidant personality disorder?

A

Feeling inept and inadequate.

66
Q

What is the difference between avoidant personality disorder and schizoid personality disoder?

A

Schizoid personality disorder has little desire to form close personal relationships.

67
Q

True/ False: There is no clear distinction between avoidant personality disorder and social anxiety disorder.

A

True.

68
Q

True/ False: Some researchers believe avoidant personality disorder is a more severe form of social anxiety disorder.

A

True.

69
Q

Personality disorder characterized by extremem dependence on others, particularly the need to be taken care of leading to clingining or submissive behaviours.

A

Dependent personality disorder.

70
Q

Dependent personality disorder is more common in what gender?

A

Woman.

71
Q

What is the initial reaction of dependent personality disorder?

A

Initially submissive and then finally the urgent seeking of a new relationship.

72
Q

Dependent personality disorder is associated with what of the big five factors of personality?

A

Neuroticism and agreeableness.

73
Q

Personality disorder associated with perfectionism and excessive concern with maintaining order, control, and adhereance to rules.

A

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder.

74
Q

What are some of the personality characteristics of someone with obsessive comulsive personality disorder?

A

Rigid, stubborn, cold. Devoted to work at the exclusion of other leisure activities.

75
Q

Somewhere between ________% and _________% of people with anorexia nervosa have comorbidity with OCPD.

A

21% and 60%

76
Q

OCPD sufferers are often exxcessively high in which of the big 5 traits?

A

Concientousness

77
Q

True/False: All cultures share the same five basic personality traits of the big five factor analysis and their pattern of covariation also seems universal.

A

True.

78
Q

Short answer: Discuss the challenges associated with treating personality disorders and summarize the approaches used.

A
  • PD’s are generally very difficult to treat, because they are relatively enduring or inflexible patterns of behaviour and inner experience.
  • Will often seek treatment at someone else’s insistence and do not believe they need to change.
  • Cluster A and Cluster B have difficulty maintaining relationships, especially those with a clinician.
79
Q

Cogntivie therapy for personality disorders assumes that the dysfunctional feelings and behaviours associated with personality disoders are largely the result of ______________ that tend of produce consistently biased judgements, as well as tendencies to make cognitive errors.

A

Schemas.

80
Q

Which personality disorder has received the most clinical research?

A

BPD.

81
Q

This is a unique kind of cognitive behavioural therapy specifically adapted for treating borderline personality disorder.

A

Dialectical behavioural therapy.

82
Q

What is the primary goal of trenference therapy in the treatment of BPD?

A

Strengthening of weak egos of individuals, witha aprticular focus on their primary primitive defence mechanisms of splitting.

83
Q

What evidence of efficacy is there of medication used in the treatment of BPD?

A

Very little.

84
Q

Antipsychotics have shown modest imporvements in the treatment of what personality disorder?

A

Schizotypal personality disorder.

85
Q

What kinds of psychotherapy may be promising in the treatment of Cluster C personality disorders?

A

Active and confrontational Psychotherapies.

86
Q

A condition involving the features of antisocial personality disorder and such traits such as lacking empathy, inflated and arrogant self appraisal, and glib and superficial charm.

A

Psychpathy.

87
Q

True/ False: No epidemiological studies have been assessed in psychopathy.

A

True.

88
Q

What is the prevelance rate in North America of Psychopathy?

A

1-2%

89
Q

Rates of psychopathy are estimated to be much lower in which gender?

A

Women.

90
Q

Who developed the 20 item psychopathy checklist (PCL-R) revised?

A

Robert Hare.

91
Q

What 4 dimensions are reflected on teh psychopathy checklist revised?

A
  1. Interperonsal dimensions.
  2. Affective dimensions.
  3. Lifestyle dimensions
  4. Antisocial dimensions.
92
Q

This dimension reflected on the PCL-R reflects a personality that is characterized by glibness, grnadiose self worth, pathologicla lying, and conning manipualtion of others.

A

Interpersonal dimension.

93
Q

This dimension refelcted on the PCL-R reflects a lack of remorse or guilt, callousness/lack of empathy, shallow affect, and failure to accept responsibility for one’s behavior.

A

Affective dimension.

94
Q

This dimension reflected on the PCL-R reflects a need for stimulation, tendency to get easilly bored, and impulsivity.

A

Lifestyle dimension.

95
Q

This dimension reflected on teh PCL-R reflect a need for poor behaviour control, early behaviour problems, delinquency, and criminiality.

A

Antiosical dimension.

96
Q

What about the heart rate do successful psychopaths demonstrate vs. their unsuccessful counterparts?

A

Greater heart rate reactivity under stress.

97
Q

True/ False: With psychpaths, concious development is severly retarded or nonexistent and they behave as thought social regulations and laws do not apply to them.

A

True.

98
Q
A

Abnormal Psychology 2 (10 decks)

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