Chapter 6 Flashcards
A general feeling of apprehension about possible future danger.
Anxiety
A basic emotion that involves the activation of the “fight or flight” response of the sympathetic nervous sytem.
Fear
What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
Fear is an alarm reaction to immediate danger. Anxiety is a feeling of apprehension about possible future danger.
These disorders affect around 29% of the general population and are the most common category of disorders for women and the second most common for men.
Anxiety disorders.
A severe, intense fear response that appears to come out of the blue; it has many physical and cognitive symptoms such as fear of dying or losing control.
Panic attack.
The symptoms of a panic attack are nearly identical to those experienced during a state of fear except….?
Panick attacks are accompanied by a subjective sense of impending doom .
Fear and panic have three components, what are they?
- Cogntive/subjective components.
- Physiological components (Eg. Increased heart rate or heavy breathing.)
- Behavioral componenets (eg. A strong urge to escape or flee.)
What is adaptive value of anxiety?
Helps us plan or prepare for a possible threat.
What is the primary difference between a fear response and a panic attack?
Panic attacks are accompanied by a subjective sense of impending doom or fear of losing control that is not usually present during a fear response.
Which response pattern is described as a complex blend of unpleasant emotions and cognitions that is veru diffuse and oriented to the future?
Anxiety.
A _______________ occurs in the absence of any external threat.
Panic attack.
Diana and her family decide to go camping for the weekend. When Diana wakes up and steps out of her tent, she sees a bear with its back turned to her, going through their trash. She immediately freezes, her heart rate increases, and then she steps back into the tent quietly to make sure the bear does not hear or see her. This response would be considered a __________.
Fear response.
An unrealistic, irrational fear or anxiety of disabling intensity. DSM-5 recognizes 11 types of these disorders.
Anxiety disorders .
People with specific or ______________________ experience a fear or panic response not only when they encounter the object or situation that they fear, but also in response to even the possibility of encountering their phobic situation.
Social phobias.
Peoples with __________ ______________ experience both frequent panic attacks and intense anxiety focused on the possibility of having another one.
Panic disorder.
People with _________________ go to great lengths to avoid a variety of feared situations, rnaging from open streets and bridges to crowded public places.
Agorophobia.
People with _____________ _______________ _______________ mostly experience a general sense of diffuse anxiety and worry about many potentiall bad things that may happen; some may also experience an occassional panic attack, but it is not the focus of their anxiety.
Generalized anxiety disorder.
A proneness or disposition to experience negative mood states that is a common risk factor for btoh anxiety and mood disorders.
Neuroticism
The brain structure most centrally involved in most disorders are generally the?
Limbic system and certain parts of the cortex.
The neurotransmitter substances that are most centrally involved in most disorders are…?
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine, and serotonin.
Medications also can be useful in treating all disorder except specific phobias, and nearly all tend to fall into two primary categories - what are they?
Antianxiety medications (Anxiolytics) and antidepressant medications.
Persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger.
Phobia
There are three main categories of phobias - what are they?
- Specific phobia.
- Social anxiety.
- Agoraphobia.
Which type of anxiety disorder is marked by a persisten and disproprtionate fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger?
Specific phobia.
What is no longer considered an anxiety disorder in the DSM-5?
Obsessive compulsive disorder.
_______________________ involves a pervasive sense of anxiety and worry across many different areas of life.
Generalized anxiety disorder.
Persistent or disproprtionate fears of various objects, places, or situations, such as fears of situations (airplanes or elevators), other species (snakes or spiders), or aspects of the environment (high places, water).
Specific phobia.
Persistent and disproprtionate fear of the sight of blood or injury, or the possibility of having an injection. Afflicted persons are likely to experience a drop in blood pressure and sometimes faint.
Blood injection injury phobia.
Simply watching a phobic person behaving fearfully with his or her phobic object can be distressing to the observer and can result in fear being transmitted from one person to another through _________________.
Vicarious conditioning.
Primates and humans seem to be ____________________ to rapidly associate certain objects - such as snakes, spiders, water, and enclosed spaces - with frightening or unpleasant events.
Evolutionary prepared.
The view that people are biologically prepared through evolution to more readily acquire fears of certain objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to our easrly ancestors.
Prepared learning.
A technique in psychological treatment of anxiety disorders that involves exposing the patient to the feared object or context without any danger in order to overcome the anxiety.
Exposure therapy.
This drug has been shown in animal studies to faciltate extinction of conditioned fear in animals.
D-cycloserine.
Marita has a tremendous fear of baseball hats. She is not afraid of any other kind of hat, and in fact she wears stylish hats on a regular basis. When she is near a person wearing a baseball cap, however, she gets very upset and has to move away from them. She cannot explain why this fear exists and recognizes it to be irrational. Marita has had relationships end because of this fear in the past. What would be the best diagnosis for Marita’s fear?
Specific phobia.
Gjabolla has been suffering from a terrible fear of lightning for some time now. Whenever there are storms in the weather forecast, she gets very upset and plans on spending the duration of that time in her basement. She has even called in sick to work to avoid going out during a bad thunderstorm. How long would these symptoms have to persist before a diagnosis of a specific phobia could be made?
6 months.
Jonah has a crippling fear of thunderstorms. Even though he is in his teens, thunder and lightning cause him to retreat to his bedroom where he will hide under his bed covers until the storm ends. Jonah’s mother has had a lifelong fear of thunderstorms since one of her siblings was struck by lightning and killed when she was young. According to learned behavior theory, how did Jonah’s phobia develop?
Through vicarious conditioning.
How would a psychoanalytic theorist explain the emergence of a specific phobia?
Phobias are a defense against anxiety that stems from repressed id impulses.
From an evolutionary perspective, phobias are a result of __________ learning, which suggests that humans and other animals that rapidly learn to fear certain threatening objects or situations would have a selective advantage over other members of the species.
Prepared.
Fear of situations in which a person might be exposed to the scrutiny of others and fear of acting in a humiliating or embarrassing way.
Social anxiety disorder.
This is the most common type of social anxiety.
Fear of public speaking.
The DSM-5 identifies two subtypes of social anxiety - what are they?
- One which centers on performance situations such as public speaking.
- One of which is more general and includes nonperformance situations (such as eating in public).
What percent of the population meets the diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder ?
12%
Cognitive behavioural therapy techniques that aim to change a person’s negative or unrealistic thoughts and attributions.
Cognitive restructuring.
The most widely and recognized use of medications for social anxiety disorder is?
Antidepressants.
Anthony has a tremendous and irrational fear of using a public restroom. No matter what his bathroom needs are, he is intensely afraid that he will embarrass or humiliate himself when using a public facility. This has led to significant disturbances in his personal and professional life. What might be the best diagnosis for Anthony’s particular problem?
Social anxiety.
