Chapter 5 Flashcards
When we experience or perceive challenges to our physical or emotional well-being that exceed our coping resources and abilities, the pschological condition that results is typically referred to as __________.
Stress
Adjustive demands that require coping behaviour on the part of an individual or group.
Stressors.
Efforts to deal with stress.
Coping strategies.
It is important to note that stress is fundementally an ____________ and ____________ constructu because it refeclts the interaction between the organism and the environment over time.
Interactive and dynamic.
Negative stress, associated with pain, anxiety, or sorrow.
Distress.
What are some individual characteristics that have been identified in improving a persons ability to handle life stress?
- Higher levels of optimism.
- Increased self esteem.
- Greater psychological control or mastery.
- Better social supports.
What is the gene called that is linked to how likely it was that people would become depressed in the face of life stress.
5HTTLPR Gene
True/ False: It was found that people who have the 5HTTLPR gene… those with the shorter “s/s” alleles were more likely to develop depression when they experienced four or more stressful life events than were people who had two “long” forms of these gene. (The l/l genotype.)
True.
A persons ability to withstand stress without becoming seriously impaired.
Stress tolerance.
At some level we all intuitively understand what makes one stress more serious than another. What are the key factos?
- The severity of the stressor.
- Its chronicity
- Timing
- How cloesly it affects out own lives.
- How expected it is.
- How controllable it is.
True/ False: Research has shown that events that are unpredictable and unanticipated (for which no previously developing coping strategies are avaialble) are likely to place a person under severe stress.
True.
Stressful situaton that approached or exceeds the adaptive capacities of an individual or a group.
Crisis.
What is one advantage of the Life events and difficulties schedule (LEDS)?
It includes an extensive manual that provides rules for rating both acute and chronic forms of stress.
This kind of health psychological and physical functioning after a potentially traumatic event is called ________________.
Resilience.
True/ False: Whites vs. African Americans and some members of Latinos groups fared more poorly and showed lower levels of resilence after the 9/11 attacks.
False, whites fared better.
Maggie, a senior in high school, got her first rejection from a college. To help reduce the anxiety she is experiencing, she decides to go for a long run every morning. In other words, running is a __________.
Coping strategy for Maggie.
External demands that one might consider challenging or threatening are called __________, and the various effects they have an organism are called __________.
Stressors; stress.
Quierra has recently been given a reprimand at her job. Her boss told her that if her performance does not improve immediately, she is going to be fired. She is understandably upset about this. The bad stress that this event has caused is called __________.
Distress.
Research with rats demonstrated that those exposed to stressful tail shocks produced more __________, a stress hormone, after later exposure to a novel stressor. This research provides evidence that the effects of stress are __________.
Cortisol, cumulative.
The positive physical and psychological responses that some people display when confronted with stress is called __________.
Resilience.
The biological cost of adapting to stress. Under conditions of high stress our _________________ is high. When we are calm, our _____________ is low and our bodies are not experiencing any of the phsyiological consequnces of stress.
Allostatic load.
Everday forms of stress can also elevate risk for heart disease and death. What is a good example of this?
Work related stress .
System designed to mobilize resources and prepare for a flight of fight response.
Sympathetic-adrenmedullary system (SAM)
Faced with the threat of a perceived stress, the body undergoes a cascade of biological changes. Two distinct systems are involved here, what are those two systems?
- Sympathetic adrenomedullary system (SAM)
- Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal system (HPA)
Human stress hormone released by the cortex of the adrenal glands.
Cortisal.
What are some disadvantages if the cortisol response is not shut off?
Cortisal can damage brain cells, especially the hippocampus.
Study of the interactions between the immune system and the nervous system and the infuence of these factors on behavior.
Psychoneuroimmunology.
A downregulation or dampenining of the immune system. This can be short or long term and can be triggered by injury, stress, illness, and other factors.
Immunosuppression.
The word immune comes from the Latin terms ______________, meaning “exempt”.I
immunus.
The body’s principal means of defending itself against the intrusion of foreign substances.
Immune system.
Generalized term for white blood cells involved in immune protection.
Leukocytes.
Generalized term for white blood cells involved in immune protection.
Lymphocyte.
A type of white blood cell, produced in the bone marrow, that is (along with T-cells) very important in the immune system. ______________ produce specific antibodies in response to specific antigens.
B cell.
A foreign body or an internal threat that can trigger an immune response.
Antigen.
A type of white blood cell that, when activated, can recognize specific antigens. ___________ play an important role in the immune system.
T cells.
When do T cells become activated?
When macrophages detect antigens and start to engulf and digest them.
The biological cost of responding to stress is called the __________ load.
Allostatic
Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus when the HPA pathway is stimulated?
corticotrphin-releasing hormone (CRH)
When she goes to graduate school, Nanji wants to study how the immune system and nervous system interact and how they are each impacted by stress. She would most likely apply to programs specializing in __________.
Psychoneuroimmunology.
Which type of leukocyte is responsible for the antibodies that respond to specific antigens?
B cells
Stress slows the healing of wounds by as much as _______ to _______%
24 - 40%
Small protein molecules that enable the brain and the immune system to communicate with each other. ___________________ can augment or enhance an immune system response or cause immunosuppression, depending on the specific __________ that is released .
Cytokines.
Cytokine splay in important role in mediating the inflammatory and immune respone They can be divded into two main categories - what are they?
Proinflammtory cytokines and antinflammatory cytokines.
What do proinflammatory cytokines do/
Help us deal with challenges to out immune system by augmenting the immune response.
What do anti-inflammaotry cytokines do?
Decrease or dampen the response that the immune system makes.
Cytokine production sets off a negative feedback loop that is deisnged to prevent an excessive or exaggerated immune or inflammatory response. True/Fals?
True.
A research strategy that examines whether and how variables go together (co-vary) without manipulating (changing) any variables.
Correlational research.
High levels of _________ in the liver signal widespread inflammation in the body.
CRP.
True/ False: Traumatic stressors that are experienced during childhood seem to increase risk of premature death later in life.
True.
People who had reported ______________ or more adverse events during their childhood diead much earlier than would have been expected based on estimated of standard life expectancy.
Six.
Human __________ are the protective ends of our chromosomes. they are made up of repeated sequences of DNA. Their presence protects the genes close to them from being damaged and trucated during cell division. __________ shorten as we age. Stress also reduces the length of them.
Telomeres.
True/ False: Stress does not shorten the length of telomeres.
False, it does.
__________ are small protein molecules that serve as chemical messengers and allow immune cells to communicate with each other.
Cytokines.
In 2005, Kiecolt-Glaser and her colleagues conducted a study of married couples in which people who were given blister wounds to their arm showed increased healing time when the body’s production of __________ was inhibited by evoked marital conflict.
Proinflammatory cytokines.
