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Abnormal Psychology 2 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

A __________________ is a description of one specific case. ______________ can be useful source of information and can help researchers generate hypotheses. Because of their highly selective nature, however, they cannot be used to draw any scientific conclusions.

A

Case study.

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2
Q

State of mental confusion characterized by relatively rapid onset of widespread disorganization of the higher mental processes, caused by a generalized disturbance in brain metabolism. May include impaired perception, memory, and thinking and abnormal psychomotor activity.

A

Delirium

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3
Q

A new DSM-5 diagnosis, this involves severe impairment in cognitive functioning that reflects a significant decline from the person’s previous level of performance. The problems in cognitive functioning create problems for the person in terms of their ability to perform routine activities.

A

Major Neurcognitive disorder.

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4
Q

A new DSM-5 diagnosis that is characterized by a modest decline in cognitive functioning that does not interfere with the person’s ability to perform the routine tasks.

A

Mild neurocogntive disorder

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5
Q

Progressive deterioration of brain functioning occurring after the completion of brain maturation in adolescence. Characterized by deficits in memory, abstract thinking, acquisition of new knowledge or skills, visuospatial comprehension, motor control, problem solving, and judgment. Now referred to as major neurocognitive disorder.

A

Dementia

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6
Q

A neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor problems (rigidity, tremors) and caused by destruction of dopamine neurons in the brain.

A

Parkinsons disease

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7
Q

A neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor problems (rigidity, tremors) and caused by destruction of dopamine neurons in the brain.

A

Huntingtons disease

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8
Q

A progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by deterioration in memory, cognition, and basic self-care skills.

A

Alzheimers disease

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9
Q

Form of Alzheimer’s disease that appears in people who are younger than approximately 60 years of age. Thought to be caused by rare genetic mutations.

A

Early onset alzheimers disease

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10
Q

The occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease in the more elderly. One gene thought to be involved in this form of Alzheimer’s disease is the APOE gene.

A

Late onset alzheimers disease

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11
Q

Found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease, these deposits of aluminum silicate and abnormal protein (beta amyloid) are believed to cause loss of neurons.

A

Amyloid plaques

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12
Q

Twisted and web-like nerve filaments that characterize the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

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13
Q

A brain disorder in which a series of small strokes destroys neurons, leading to brain atrophy and behavioral impairments that are similar to Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Vascular dementia

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14
Q

Striking deficit in the ability to recall ongoing events more than a few minutes after they have taken place, or the inability to recall the recent past. Now grouped into a new diagnostic category called neurocognitive disorders.

A

Amnestic disorder

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15
Q

This disorder, also referred to as Korsakoff’s dementia, Korsakoff’s psychosis, or amnesic-confabulatory syndrome, is a neurological condition resulting from chronic alcohol abuse and severe malnutrition (vitamin B).

A

Karsokoff Syndrome

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16
Q

Brain damage resulting from motor vehicle crashes, bullets, or other objects entering the brain, and other severe impacts to the head.

A

Traumatic brain injury

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17
Q

Loss of memory for events that occurred during a circumscribed period prior to brain injury or damage.

A

Retrograde amnesia

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18
Q

Loss of memory for events that occur following trauma or shock.

A

Antergorade amnesia

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19
Q

____________ brain lesions involve circumsribed areas of abnormal change in brain structure.

A

Focal

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20
Q

1 - being unnmotivated and passive and with limited thoughts and idea or 2 - featuring impulsiveness and distracibility show damage to what area of the brain?

A

Frontal areas.

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21
Q

Damage to specific areas of the _______________________ may produce impairment of visual motor coordination.

A

Right parietal lobe.

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22
Q

Damage to the ________________ may impair certain aspect of language function, including rading and writing, as well as arethmetic abilitieis.

A

Left parietal area.

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23
Q

Damage to certain structures within the _________________ disrupts an early stage of memory storage.

A

temporal lobes.

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24
Q

Extensive _______________ can produce a syndrome in which remote memory remains relatively intact but nothing new can be stored for later retreival.

A

bilateral temporal.

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25
Q

_______________ damage produces a variety of visual impairments and visual associations deficits, the nature of the deficit depending on the particular site of the lesion.

A

Occipital.

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26
Q

True/ False: Intelligent, well educated, mentally active people have enhanced resistance to mental and behavioural deterioration following significant brain injury.

A

True.

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27
Q

A commonly occurring syndrome, ____________ is characterized by confusions, disturbed concentration, and cognitive dysfunction.

A

Delerium.

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28
Q

A person who is delirious is essentially unable to carry out purposeful mental activity of any kind. The intensity of the smptoms fluctuate over the course of a _____________ period.

A

24 hour.

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29
Q

Delerium can occur in a person of any age. However, this age group is at particularly high risk.

A

Elderly.

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30
Q

What age group is at particularly high risk of delirium?

A

Those over 80 years of age.

31
Q

Somewhere between _______% to ________% of patients who have had surgery will experience dilerium.

A

10-51%

32
Q

Patients who have had what kind of surgery are at particularly high risk for delirium?

A

Cardiac surgery.

33
Q

Medicaiton most used in the treatment of delirium is what?

A

Neuroleptics

34
Q

In the DSM-5 the broad diagnositc category of dimentia has been renamed to what?

A

Major neurcognitive disorder.

35
Q

At least 50 different disorders are known to cause the types of cognitive deficits that are now included, what are some of these diseases?

A

Parkinsons disease, huntingtons disease, strokes.

Certain infection such as syphilis, menengitis, and AIDS.

36
Q

This is the second most common neurodegenerative disorders?

A

Parkinsons.

37
Q

Parkinsons is more common in which gender?

A

Man

38
Q

Parkinsons disease is characterized by motor symptoms such as….?

A

Resting tremors and rigid movements.

39
Q

The underlying cause of parkinsons disease is loss of dopamine in neurons in the area of the brain called the ____________.

A

Substantia nigra.

40
Q

True/ False: Smoking and drinking may provide some protection against the development of parkinsons disease.

A

True.

41
Q

Parkinsons disease can be temporarilly regulated by medications such as….? What do they do?

A

Mirapex and Sinemet. Increases the availability of dopamine to the brain.

42
Q

Huntingtons disease usually begins in what portion of life?

A

Midlife around 40 years of age.

43
Q

Huntingtons disease is cause by a single dominant gene. Which gene, which chromosome?

A

Huntingtin gene, on chromosome 4.

44
Q

The most common form of dementia is?

A

Alzheimers disease.

45
Q

Alzheimers disease usually begins after about age ________.

A

45

46
Q

The ______________ lobes of the brain are the first regions to be damaged in the person with Alzheimers disease.

A

Temporal

47
Q

The median time to death is __________ years from the time of first clinical contact.

A

5.7 years.

48
Q

Which gender has a higher risk of developing alzheimers, men or women?

A

Women.

49
Q

What diet seems to have beneficial cognitive benefits to preventing alzheimers disease?

A

Mediteranian diet.

50
Q

Also now being implicated in the development of Alzheimers diease are communities of microbes collectively termed the ______________.

A

Microbiome.

51
Q

The APP genere (Amyloid precursor protein) gene, is located on which chromosome?

A

21

52
Q

What gene plays an important role in cases of late onset Alzheimers disease?

A

APOE (apolipoprotein) gene.

53
Q

Where is the APOE gene located?

A

Chromosome 19.

54
Q

Traumatic brain injury has been associated with a ____________ increased risk of developing alzheimers disease.

A

Fourfold.

55
Q

When Alois Alzheimer performed the first autopsies on his patients with Alzheimers, what 3 abnormalities did he notive?

A
  1. Amyloid plaque.
  2. Neurofibrillary tangles.
  3. Atrophy of the brain.
56
Q

Current thinking is that, in Alheimers disease neurons in the brain secrete a stickly protein substance called _____________ much faster than it can be broken down and cleared away.

A

Beta amyloid.

57
Q

Beta amyloid accumulates into ____________.

A

Amylod plaques.

58
Q

Having the APOE-E4 form of the APOE gene is associated with the more rapid buildup of ______________ in the brain.

A

Amyloid.

59
Q

____________________ are webs of abnormal filaments within a nerve cell.

A

Neurofibrillary tangles.

60
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles are made of a protein called ___________ proteins.

A

Tau.

61
Q

Important in the mediation of memory, this neurotransmitter is altereed dramatically with the onset of alheimers disease?

A

Acetylcholine.

62
Q

True/False: Most alzheimers treatments for Alzehimers aim to diminish agitation and aggression in patients and reduce the distress in caregivers as much as possible.

A

True.

63
Q

What medications are used in the treatment of alzheimers disease, even though there is a higher risk of death, and little affect in the way of a comparison to a placebo?

A

Antipsychotics.

64
Q

What is the rational for administering drugs such a Razadyne, Exelon, and Aricept in the treatment of Alzheimers disease?

A

Inhibiitng the production of acetlycholinesterase, the principle enzyme involveds in the metabolic breakdown of acetylcholine.

65
Q

Reduction in the size of the ______________ predicts the later development of Alzehimers disease both in people with MCI and in elderly people who do not report any memory or cognitive impairments.

A

Hippcaompus.

66
Q

Frequently confused with Alzheimers disease because of its similar clinical picture of progressive dimentia and its increasing incidence and prevalence rates with advancing age.

A

Vascular dimentia.

67
Q

The characteristic feature of these kinds of neurocognitive disorders is a strikingly disturbed memory.

A

Amnestic disorders

68
Q

This is an amnestic disorder that is caused by a vitain b1 deficiency (thiamin)

A

Karsakoff syndrome.

69
Q

The most common causes of TBI (Tramautic brain injury) are?

A

Falls, followed by motor vehicle collisions.

70
Q

An inability to recall events immediately preceding the injury.

A

Retrograde amnesis.

71
Q

The inability to store effectively in memory events that ahppen during variable periods of time after the trauma.

A

Anterograde amnesia.

72
Q

For males, the greatest risk of concussion comes from playing _______________, for females, it’s playing ________________.

A

Football, soccer

73
Q

After a concussion the brain is how many times more likely to be vulnerable to a second impact, even several weeks after the initial impact.

A

Four to five times more likely.

74
Q
A

Abnormal Psychology 2 (16 decks)

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