Chapter 11 Flashcards
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines heavy episodic drinking as __________.
The consumption of sic or more alcoholic drinks on at least one occasion at least once per month.
Barney, age 50, drank heavily for the past 30 years. He has now been sober for one year. Since being sober, he has shown difficulty with remembering recent conversations with family and coworkers, cannot recall the names of people he has met in the past 6 months, and appears confused and disoriented. What DSM-5 alcohol-related disorder is consistent with these observations about Barney?
Alcohol Amnestic disorder.
Approximately __________ percent of people in the United States meet criteria for alcohol use disorder at some point in their lifetimes.
30%
Martin began drinking alcohol during college. He drinks daily. Initially, he drank a couple of beers each evening. He now consumes six to 12 bottles of beer each evening. When asked why he drinks so much, Martin replied, “It takes at least a six-pack to feel anything.” Martin’s increased need for alcohol to achieve the same effects is an example of __________.
Tolerance.
Elaine’s mother drank frequently during her pregnancy. At birth, Elaine’s appearance was striking as she was noted to have a low nasal bridge, ear abnormalities, and a thin upper lip. What would Elaine most likely be diagnosed as having?
Fetal alcohol syndrome.
The alcohol flush response is caused by a(n) __________.
an enzyme that fails to break down alcohol molecules in the liver during the metabolic process
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) indicates that approximately __________ college students drink alcohol and __________ of students who drink engage in binge drinking.
Four out of five; half.
An alcohol-risk personality has been described as an individual who has an inherited predisposition toward alcohol abuse, and who __________.
is impulsive, prefers taking high risks, and is emotionally unstable
The reciprocal-influence model suggests that adolescents begin drinking as a result of __________.
expectations that using alcohol will increase their popularity and acceptance by their peers
The tension-reduction causal model is difficult to accept as a sole explanatory hypothesis for alcohol use because __________.
if tension-reduction were the main factor, one would expect substance-abuse disorder to be far more common since alcohol tends to reduce tension for most people who use it
The drug naltrexone is used to treat alcohol use by __________.
stabilizing brain chemistry during alcohol withdrawal
reducing the craving for alcohol by blocking its pleasure-producing effects
With aversive conditioning therapy, __________
the patient experiences the presentation of noxious stimuli paired with alcohol consumption in order to suppress drinking behavior
Some detoxification clinics are concerned about the use of tranquilizers during the alcohol detoxification phase of treatment because __________.
tranquilizers do not promote long-term recovery and may simply transfer the addiction to another substance
The “skills training procedure,” usually aimed at younger problem drinkers, is comprised of __________.
cognitive-behavioral strategies of intervention with social-learning theory
Drug abuse and dependence are most common during __________.
Adolescence.
According to the Monitoring the Future Study, almost __________ percent of U.S. students have used illicit drugs one or more times by the time they finish high school.
50%
People who abuse drugs __________.
show markedly different behaviors depending on the type, amount, and duration of drug use
The brain and pituitary gland produce __________, an opium-like substance.
Endorphins
Researchers note that some people have difficulty experiencing pleasure from naturally occurring rewards that, to most people, are satisfying. Consequently, these individuals are compelled to seek out additional sources of pleasure through activities such as drug use. This hypothesis is called the __________.
Reward deficiency syndrome hypothesis.
To reduce drug use over the long-term, treatment for heroin addiction should attempt to __________.
Reduce cravings of the drug.
__________ may have an anti-anxiety property; its use has been noted to be highly prevalent among those with anxiety disorders.
Nicotine
A change in the DSM-5 criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has resulted in expanding the population of patients who can receive this diagnosis to now include adults, which may lead to a much greater use of stimulants by adults. Concern has been expressed that __________.
the expansion could lead to widespread misuse of stimulant drugs for performance enhancement and recreation use, adding to the already extensive problem of stimulant abuse
Drugs such as __________ have been used as part of psychological therapy in treating cocaine dependence as these drugs reduce cravings and increase the likelihood of treatment compliance.
Naltrexone and methadone.
Which of the following forms of psychological treatment has demonstrated effectiveness for the treatment of cocaine abusers?
cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management
Since the passage of the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, amphetamines have been classified as a __________ drug, which means __________.
Schedule II; these drugs have a high abuse potential and require a prescription for each purchase
The individuals who are most likely to develop barbiturate dependency are __________.
Middle aged and older adults.
Excessive doses of barbiturates can be lethal because barbiturates __________.
paralyze the brain’s respiratory centers
Compared with opiate withdrawal, barbiturate withdrawal __________.
is more dangerous, severe, and long-lasting
Jessa has been using __________ daily for several years which his psychologist thinks may be related to his recent experiences with extreme anxiety, depression, hallucinations, and other psychotic-like symptoms.
Marijuana.
Abraham and Wolf (1988) compared subjects who had used LSD 2 years earlier with a matched group of control subjects. Compared to the controls, the subjects with the history of LSD use __________.
Had reduced visual sensitivity to light during dark adaptation and showed other visual problems.
__________ is considered both a hallucinogen and a stimulant.
Ecstacy.
A short-range effect associated with marijuana use is __________.
Memory dysfunction and a slowing of information processing.
Which substance binds with CB1 receptors in the nervous system and can produce marijuana-like intoxication?
Synthetic cannabinoids.
Operant learning principles may explain why pathological gamblers, who may have experienced positive reinforcement with early wins, will continue to gamble in the face of loss. The gambling persistence may be sustained due to the influence of a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement.
Intermittent
The number of pathological gamblers in the United States has been __________.
Increasing
Research has shown that pathological gambling often co-occurs with other disorders. Which of the following co-occurring types of disorders are associated with the most severe forms of pathological gambling?
Substance use disorders
Which of the following is the most common treatment for pathological gambling?
Cognitive behavioural therapy.
In most U.S. states, a person is considered legally intoxicated for driving when the concentration of alcohol in the bloodstream reaches __________ percent.
0.08
