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Dynamics of Health Care > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is electrophysiology

A

study of electrical activity in the body

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2
Q

what are arrhythmias

A

irregularities with heart rhythm

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3
Q

Who inveted the first EKG device, explain

A

Willem Einthoven
1903
called the string galvanometer - used to explore electrical properties of the heart

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4
Q

Describe the history of the Holter Monitor

A

invented by Norman Jeff Holter in 1949

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5
Q

Who created stress testing, when?

A

Cardiologist Robert Bruce in 1963

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6
Q

describe the education of cardiographic technicians

A

trained on job for 4-6 weeks

  • there are 1 yr certification programs
  • there is a 18 month-2 yr specialized EKG training program
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7
Q

Describe credentials of cardiographic technicians

A

not licensed, but certified

ASPT (The American Socieyt of Phlebotom Technicians) awards EKG technician
= must be ASPT members with 6 months of experience
= 6 hours of continuing education per yr

Cardiovascular Credentialing International (CCI) awards CCT (Certified Cardiographic Technician)
= 16 CE per 3 years

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8
Q

what are other names for cardiographic technicians

A

electrocardiograph
EKG
noninvasive technician

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9
Q

what does an EKG unit do

A

pick up electrical signals made by heart muscle and record them on a graph

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10
Q

What are typical tasks of cariovascular/graphic technician

A 
clean and maintain EKG machine
place EKG electrodes on body 
document patient heart rhythms
perform 12 lead electrocardiogram
document variation from normal tracing
vital signs
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11
Q

what are 3 types of tests specialized cardiograhpic technicians can perform

A

specialized EKG tests
Stress tests
Holter Monitor Tests

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12
Q

what are 4 specialized ekg tests

A

rhythm strips
= long strips recording heart activity for certain electrical lead or combination of leads

signal-average EKGs
= more detailed EKGs that take multiple tracing over 20 minutes or so, which are averaged by computer

event recorders
= portable EKG devices about the size of a pager that are worn from 2 weeks to 60 days

device interrogation
= EKGs conducted to check function of pacemakers or other devices

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13
Q

what is a cardiac stress tests

A

measure the response of the heart muscle to increased demands for oxygen

patient is attached to EKG monitor for constant tracing while performing physical activity

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14
Q

What is a holter monitor test

A

portable EKG device worn by patient

records electrical activity of heart over a period of 24 hours

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15
Q

What is a holter monitor useful in diagnosing

A

intermitten cardiac arrhythmias

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16
Q

what tasks are common to all tasks of cardiographic technicians

A 
set up equipment
explain procedure
provide gown or drape 
prepare and position patient
conduct test
document procedure 
communicate results
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17
Q

why are SPECIALIZED cariovascular technicians growing

A

increase in heart disease

elderly

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18
Q

why will there be a decrease of basic cardiovascular technicians

A

hospitals will train other personnel to perform basic tests

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19
Q

what is the professional organization for cardiographic technicians

A

AVCP

alliance of cardiovascular professionals

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20
Q

what happened in 1954 relating to cardiovascular technologists

A

Ingle Edler and Hellmuth Hurst used ultrasound to diagnose cardiac disease
- echocardiography

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21
Q

What happened in 1955 relating to cardiovascular technologists

A

Shigeo satomura developed the first doppler instrument to analyze blood flow

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22
Q

what is the doppler effect

A

tendency of sound frequencies to increase as one object moves toward another
and decrease when the object moves away

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23
Q

what happened in 1981 for cardiovascular technologists

A

cardiovascular technology was recognized as an allied health profession by AMA council on Medical Education

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24
Q

What happened in 1985 for cardiovascular technologists

A

Joint Review Committee on Education in Cardiovascular Technology (JRC-CVT) was formed

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25
Q

describe the education of a cardiovascular technologist

A

most get associate’s degree from two year training program
- some opt for 4 year programs

qualified allied health professionals take 1 yr of specialized instruction

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26
Q

describe accreditation of cardiovascular technology programs

A

JRC-CVT reviews them

CAAHEP accreits them

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27
Q

what are the 3 parts of the curriculum of cardiovascular technology classes

A

core courses
specialized instruction
clinical instruction

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28
Q

describe certification of cardiovascular technologists

A

CCI offers
= Registered cardiac sonographer (RCS)
= Registered vascular specialist (RVS)
= Registered congenital cardiac sonographer (RCCS)
= registered cardiovascular invasive secialist (RCIS)
= registered cardiac electrophysiology specialist (RCES)

ARDMS (American registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographres)
= registered diagnostic cardiac sonographer (RDCS)
= registered vascular technologist (RVT)

certification every 3 years

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29
Q

What is phlebology

A

branch of medicine that deals with veins and vein diseases

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30
Q

what can registered diagnostic cardiac sonographers (RDCS) specialize in

A

adult
fetal
pediatric echocardiography

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31
Q

what do cardiovascular technologists specialize in

A

invasive
noninvasive
noninvasive peripheral vascular studies

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32
Q

what are invasive cardiovascular technologists

A

cardiology technologists

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33
Q

What 5 procedures do cardiology technologists

A 
cardiac cathetrization
balloon angioplasty
electrophysiology testing 
open-heart surgery
pacemaker or stent insertion
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34
Q

what is cardiac cathetrization

A

catheter is inserted into a vein and guided toward the heart to reveal blood vessel blockages

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35
Q

what is balloon angioplasty

A

balloon is attached to end of the catheter and used to clear blockages in blood vessels

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36
Q

what is electrophysiology testing

A

instruments on catheter detect patterns in the heart’s electrical activity and deliver small shocks to determine which part of the heart is causing arrhythmia

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37
Q

what is open heart surgery

A

surgery used to treat heart disease

open chest to work with heart or parts of heart

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38
Q

what is a pacemaker

A

small devices used to regulate heartbeat

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39
Q

what are stents

A

tubes inserted into a blood vesel to prevent fatty deposits from closing it

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40
Q

what is echocardiography

A

use of ultrasound to examine heart and blood vessles

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41
Q

what are noninvasive cardiologists called

A

cardiac sonographres

echocardiogrpahers

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42
Q

what is noninvasive peripheral vascular sudy

A

ultrasound scan of blood essles

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43
Q

what are noninvasive peripheral vascular study cardiographic technologists called

A

vascular technologists or vascular sonographres

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44
Q

what do ALL cardiovascular technologists do

A 
review history
explain testing procedures
inject contrast medium into blood vessel
choose scanner probe
echocardiogram
scan upper extremity
take still images
choose images
review test results w physician
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45
Q

why are cardiovascular technologists increasing

A 
increase in heart disease 
elderly
noninvasive procedures
early detection of vascular disease
technological devices 
rules regarding reimbursement by medicare and medicaid
46
Q

what is the professional organization for cardiovascular technologists

A

SVU
- Society for Vascular Ultrasound

The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)

The Alliance of Cardiovascular Professionals (AVCP)

47
Q

describe the ancient times to the 19th century for phlebotomist

A

bloodletting was a method of treating medical programs

- originated from Hippocrates who believedin the four umours

48
Q

what was the four humours theory

A

four humours have to be balanced to prevent disease and maintain health

  • imbalance can cause disease
  • bloodletting would restore proper balance
49
Q

why was bloodletting frowned down upon

A

microbiology and Louis Pasteur

- began to be used for diagnosis

50
Q

When and why did phlebotomy originate

A

1970s

cost cutting measure

51
Q

what happened in 1978 for phlebotomists

A

NPA

national phlebotomy association was formed

52
Q

what happened in 1981 for phlebotomists

A

NPA administered certification exam

53
Q

describe the eucation of a phlebotomist

A

highschool diploma or equivalent and training in phlebotomy
- may complete formal education program
= may complete in-house training program

54
Q

who accredits phlebotomy programs

A

national accrediting agency for clinical laboratory science (NAACLS)

55
Q

what is becoming increasingly common in phlebotomy

A

cross-training for control costs and improve quality

56
Q

what 7 organizations certify phlebotomists

A
  1. american certification agency
  2. american medical technologists
  3. american phlebotomy association
  4. american society for clinical pathology
  5. national center for competency testing
  6. national credentialing agency
  7. national health career association

NEED CEU hours

57
Q

what do phlebotomists do

A 
apply a tourniquet
draw blood by venipuncture
skin test
capillary puncture 
select additives for blood tests
evaluate specimens 
enter data into a computer
take vital signs
urine specimens
label samples
58
Q

what is venipuncture

A

drawing blood from a vein

59
Q

what is capillary puncture or finger stick

A

small amount of blood is obtained by pricking a finger or an infant’s heel

60
Q

why are phlebotomists growing

A

number of laboratory tests increasing

population increasing

61
Q

what are the two professional organizations for phlebotomsits

A

AMT
american medical technologists

ASCP
american society for clinical pathology

62
Q

what are diagnostic medical sonographers

A

those who perform ultrasound scans

63
Q

what is sonography

A

use of high frequency sound waves to produce images of organs and other structures in the body

64
Q

where can the beginning of a sonography be traced to

A

1826 experiment by Colladon

  • measured speed of sound underwater
  • stimulated efforts to explore soundwaves
65
Q

what happened in 1912 regarding sonography

A

Fessenden developmed method to use echoes to detect iceburgs

Boyle and Nagevin developed hydrophone

66
Q

What happened in 1937 regarding sonography

A

Karl Dussik and Friedrich Dussik attempted to use sound for medical imaging

67
Q

What happened in 1963 regarding sonography

A

commercial scanners became available

- increasing range of applications for scanner

68
Q

What happened in 1969 regarding sonographers

A

The American society of Ultrasound Technical specialists (ASUTS)

  • established Education Committee
  • established Examination Committee
69
Q

What happened in 1975 regarding sonographers

A

Examination Committee became the ARDMS (american registry for diagnostic medical sonography)
- administered exam

70
Q

Who id ASUTS work with

A

AMA’s manpower division

  • to gain recognition of ultrasound technical specialists as a distinct allied health occupation
  • achieved in 1973
71
Q

What are 3 ways to become a diagnostic medical sonographer

A
  1. training programs
  2. associates or bachelors
  3. one yr programs with certificate
72
Q

who accredits diagnostic medical sonographer rpograms

A

CAAHEP

73
Q

What happened in 2009 for diagnostic medical sonographres

A

New Mexico and Oregon required licensing

74
Q

What certification is available for diagnosic medical sonographres

A

ARDMS
- registered diagnostic medical sonographer (RDMS)
= must pass genearl sonography principles and instrumentation exam
= pass exam in specialty
= renewed every 3 years

ARRT

  • offered in primary certification in sonogrpahy and post-primary certification in sonography and breast sonography
  • annual renewal
75
Q

what is a sonogram

A

noninvasive procedure that does not require the use of radiation
- uses echoes of sound waves

76
Q

Describe the steps of a sonograph

A
  1. spread gel on a patient’s skin
  2. move transducer over area to be scanned
  3. look at images for evidence and medica l conditions
  4. decide which images are pertinent
  5. analyze results and summarize preliminary findings
77
Q

Waht is a transducer

A

device that emits sound and detects returning echoes

78
Q

what are 6 specialties of diagnostic medical sonographers

A
  1. obstetrics/gynecology
  2. abdomen
  3. neurosonography
  4. breast
  5. cardiology
  6. vascular
79
Q

what are typical tasks of a diagnostic medical sonographer

A 
evaluate requisition before sonogram
set doppler parameters
select proper transducer
apply coupling gel
perform abdominal scan
identify artifacts 
prepare written summary
clean, check, maintain equipment
80
Q

why are diagnostic medical sonographers increasing

A
  1. elderly
  2. safer alternative to radiology
  3. scanning more of the body
81
Q

what is the professional organization of diagnostic medical sonographres

A

SDMS: the society of diagnostic medical sonography

- formerly ASUTS

82
Q

what are radiographs

A

black and white images using xx-rays

83
Q

what happened in 1895 regarding raiographres

A

roentgen discovered x-rays

84
Q

what happened in 1917 for radiographers

A

Ed Jerman decided to start education programs for x-rays

created AART (american association of radiological technicians)

  • became the American Society of Radiographers
  • became the American Society of X Ray technicians (ASXT)
85
Q

what happened in 1922 for radiographic technicians

A

certification exam given

ARXT established (american registry of x ray technicians)

86
Q

Who accredits radiographic technician programs

A

AMA council on medical education and hospitals, then

The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic technology, now

87
Q

what happened during the 1950s for radiographic technicians

A

1950s = rapid advances prompted ASXT to develop curriculum

1952 = curriculum submitted and approved by american college of radiology

88
Q

what is the eudcation of radiographic technicians

A

2 yrs associates degree

certificate program lasting 21 to 24 months OR bachelors

89
Q

what can radiographic technicians specialize in

A

CT
MRI
mammogram

90
Q

who certifies radiographic technicians

A

ARRT

american registry of radiologic technologists (formerly ARXT)

91
Q

what do radiographers do

A 
paitnet history
radiation protection shield
identify radiography with lead markers
manipulate radiographic equipment 
expose film after telling patient to hold still
process film
evaluate images
92
Q

Why are radiographers growing

A

elderly

increased use of imaging

93
Q

what is the professional organization of radiographres

A

ASRT

american society of radiologic technologists

94
Q

what are nuclear medicine technologists

A

radiologic technologist who specializes in nuclear medicine

95
Q

what is nuclear medicine

A

use of radioactive materials inside the body to create diagnostic images or to treat cancer and other diseases

96
Q

who discovered radioactivity

A

Henir Becquerel in 1896

97
Q

who made a key dev. in radioactivity, what

A

Georg Von Heesy

developing radioisotope tracers

98
Q

what are radionuclides or radioisotopes

A

unstable atoms of an element that give off radiation

- can be traced due to radioactivity

99
Q

what are radiopharmaceuticals

A

radionuclides bound to a stable molecule or compound
- targeted to accumulate temporarily in specific issues or organs

a high or low concentration of radioactivity indicates disease

100
Q

what are radiosondes used in

A

treating disease and killing cancer cells

101
Q

what happened in 1929-1946 regarding nuclear medicine

A

1929 = Lawrence invented cyclotron
= enabled making artifical radionuclides (iodine 141 and technetium 99m)

1930s = treat blood disorders with radioactive phosphorous produced in cyclotrons

1942= invention of nucelar reactor helped produce radionuclides

1946= thyroid cancer was treated wiht radioactive iodine

102
Q

what are the eudcation requirements of nuclear medicine technologists

A

associates
bachelors

certificate
- for those who are already healhcare professionals

103
Q

Who accredits nuclear medicine technology programs

A

the joint review committee on educational programs in nuclear medicine technology (JRCNMT)

104
Q

describe credentials of nuclear medicine technologists

A

voluntary

ARRT and NMTCB certify it

  • complete program
  • 15 hours of CE
  • renwed annually with CE every 2 yrs
105
Q

what does the NMTCB offer specialty

A

nuclear cardiology

PET scanning

106
Q

what do nuclear medicine techs do

A

get camera and computer system ready
prepare radiopharmacuetical ready explain procedure
administer radiopharmaeutical
position patient and start x-ray unit
= gamma camera picks up rays emitted by radiophrmacuetical
= radioactive material distribution and concentration is recorded
select, process, enhance images
preliminary analysis

107
Q

what do nuclear med. technologists assist in

A

radionuclide therapy

108
Q

what are typical tasks of nuclear medicine teceh.

A 
select and preapre prescribed dosages 
verify syringe and dose 
perofrm wipe tests
venpincture
radiation surveys
109
Q

how are wipe tests performed

A

place “paper” in a vial to serve as background sample and close vial

take sample by wiping surface side to side in S motion.

sample is placed in a vial

add LSC (liquid scintillation counter) cocktail to the viles

document results
-if result is 3x the background sample count, retest surface

110
Q

why are nuclear medicine techs growing

A

development of new tech (PET and SPET)
development of new nuclear med treatment
elderly and middle aged

111
Q

who is the profesional org. for nuclear medicine

A

SNM

society of nuclear medicine

Dynamics of Health Care (21 decks)

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