chapter 7 Flashcards
what is electrophysiology
study of electrical activity in the body
what are arrhythmias
irregularities with heart rhythm
Who inveted the first EKG device, explain
Willem Einthoven
1903
called the string galvanometer - used to explore electrical properties of the heart
Describe the history of the Holter Monitor
invented by Norman Jeff Holter in 1949
Who created stress testing, when?
Cardiologist Robert Bruce in 1963
describe the education of cardiographic technicians
trained on job for 4-6 weeks
- there are 1 yr certification programs
- there is a 18 month-2 yr specialized EKG training program
Describe credentials of cardiographic technicians
not licensed, but certified
ASPT (The American Socieyt of Phlebotom Technicians) awards EKG technician
= must be ASPT members with 6 months of experience
= 6 hours of continuing education per yr
Cardiovascular Credentialing International (CCI) awards CCT (Certified Cardiographic Technician)
= 16 CE per 3 years
what are other names for cardiographic technicians
electrocardiograph
EKG
noninvasive technician
what does an EKG unit do
pick up electrical signals made by heart muscle and record them on a graph
What are typical tasks of cariovascular/graphic technician
clean and maintain EKG machine place EKG electrodes on body document patient heart rhythms perform 12 lead electrocardiogram document variation from normal tracing vital signs
what are 3 types of tests specialized cardiograhpic technicians can perform
specialized EKG tests
Stress tests
Holter Monitor Tests
what are 4 specialized ekg tests
rhythm strips
= long strips recording heart activity for certain electrical lead or combination of leads
signal-average EKGs
= more detailed EKGs that take multiple tracing over 20 minutes or so, which are averaged by computer
event recorders
= portable EKG devices about the size of a pager that are worn from 2 weeks to 60 days
device interrogation
= EKGs conducted to check function of pacemakers or other devices
what is a cardiac stress tests
measure the response of the heart muscle to increased demands for oxygen
patient is attached to EKG monitor for constant tracing while performing physical activity
What is a holter monitor test
portable EKG device worn by patient
records electrical activity of heart over a period of 24 hours
What is a holter monitor useful in diagnosing
intermitten cardiac arrhythmias
what tasks are common to all tasks of cardiographic technicians
set up equipment explain procedure provide gown or drape prepare and position patient conduct test document procedure communicate results
why are SPECIALIZED cariovascular technicians growing
increase in heart disease
elderly
why will there be a decrease of basic cardiovascular technicians
hospitals will train other personnel to perform basic tests
what is the professional organization for cardiographic technicians
AVCP
alliance of cardiovascular professionals
what happened in 1954 relating to cardiovascular technologists
Ingle Edler and Hellmuth Hurst used ultrasound to diagnose cardiac disease
- echocardiography
What happened in 1955 relating to cardiovascular technologists
Shigeo satomura developed the first doppler instrument to analyze blood flow
what is the doppler effect
tendency of sound frequencies to increase as one object moves toward another
and decrease when the object moves away
what happened in 1981 for cardiovascular technologists
cardiovascular technology was recognized as an allied health profession by AMA council on Medical Education
What happened in 1985 for cardiovascular technologists
Joint Review Committee on Education in Cardiovascular Technology (JRC-CVT) was formed
describe the education of a cardiovascular technologist
most get associate’s degree from two year training program
- some opt for 4 year programs
qualified allied health professionals take 1 yr of specialized instruction
describe accreditation of cardiovascular technology programs
JRC-CVT reviews them
CAAHEP accreits them
what are the 3 parts of the curriculum of cardiovascular technology classes
core courses
specialized instruction
clinical instruction
describe certification of cardiovascular technologists
CCI offers
= Registered cardiac sonographer (RCS)
= Registered vascular specialist (RVS)
= Registered congenital cardiac sonographer (RCCS)
= registered cardiovascular invasive secialist (RCIS)
= registered cardiac electrophysiology specialist (RCES)
ARDMS (American registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographres)
= registered diagnostic cardiac sonographer (RDCS)
= registered vascular technologist (RVT)
certification every 3 years
What is phlebology
branch of medicine that deals with veins and vein diseases
what can registered diagnostic cardiac sonographers (RDCS) specialize in
adult
fetal
pediatric echocardiography
what do cardiovascular technologists specialize in
invasive
noninvasive
noninvasive peripheral vascular studies
what are invasive cardiovascular technologists
cardiology technologists
What 5 procedures do cardiology technologists
cardiac cathetrization balloon angioplasty electrophysiology testing open-heart surgery pacemaker or stent insertion
what is cardiac cathetrization
catheter is inserted into a vein and guided toward the heart to reveal blood vessel blockages
what is balloon angioplasty
balloon is attached to end of the catheter and used to clear blockages in blood vessels
what is electrophysiology testing
instruments on catheter detect patterns in the heart’s electrical activity and deliver small shocks to determine which part of the heart is causing arrhythmia
what is open heart surgery
surgery used to treat heart disease
open chest to work with heart or parts of heart
what is a pacemaker
small devices used to regulate heartbeat
what are stents
tubes inserted into a blood vesel to prevent fatty deposits from closing it
what is echocardiography
use of ultrasound to examine heart and blood vessles
what are noninvasive cardiologists called
cardiac sonographres
echocardiogrpahers
what is noninvasive peripheral vascular sudy
ultrasound scan of blood essles
what are noninvasive peripheral vascular study cardiographic technologists called
vascular technologists or vascular sonographres
what do ALL cardiovascular technologists do
review history explain testing procedures inject contrast medium into blood vessel choose scanner probe echocardiogram scan upper extremity take still images choose images review test results w physician
why are cardiovascular technologists increasing
increase in heart disease elderly noninvasive procedures early detection of vascular disease technological devices rules regarding reimbursement by medicare and medicaid
what is the professional organization for cardiovascular technologists
SVU
- Society for Vascular Ultrasound
The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)
The Alliance of Cardiovascular Professionals (AVCP)
describe the ancient times to the 19th century for phlebotomist
bloodletting was a method of treating medical programs
- originated from Hippocrates who believedin the four umours
what was the four humours theory
four humours have to be balanced to prevent disease and maintain health
- imbalance can cause disease
- bloodletting would restore proper balance
why was bloodletting frowned down upon
microbiology and Louis Pasteur
- began to be used for diagnosis
When and why did phlebotomy originate
1970s
cost cutting measure
what happened in 1978 for phlebotomists
NPA
national phlebotomy association was formed
what happened in 1981 for phlebotomists
NPA administered certification exam
describe the eucation of a phlebotomist
highschool diploma or equivalent and training in phlebotomy
- may complete formal education program
= may complete in-house training program
who accredits phlebotomy programs
national accrediting agency for clinical laboratory science (NAACLS)
what is becoming increasingly common in phlebotomy
cross-training for control costs and improve quality
what 7 organizations certify phlebotomists
- american certification agency
- american medical technologists
- american phlebotomy association
- american society for clinical pathology
- national center for competency testing
- national credentialing agency
- national health career association
NEED CEU hours
what do phlebotomists do
apply a tourniquet draw blood by venipuncture skin test capillary puncture select additives for blood tests evaluate specimens enter data into a computer take vital signs urine specimens label samples
what is venipuncture
drawing blood from a vein
what is capillary puncture or finger stick
small amount of blood is obtained by pricking a finger or an infant’s heel
why are phlebotomists growing
number of laboratory tests increasing
population increasing
what are the two professional organizations for phlebotomsits
AMT
american medical technologists
ASCP
american society for clinical pathology
what are diagnostic medical sonographers
those who perform ultrasound scans
what is sonography
use of high frequency sound waves to produce images of organs and other structures in the body
where can the beginning of a sonography be traced to
1826 experiment by Colladon
- measured speed of sound underwater
- stimulated efforts to explore soundwaves
what happened in 1912 regarding sonography
Fessenden developmed method to use echoes to detect iceburgs
Boyle and Nagevin developed hydrophone
What happened in 1937 regarding sonography
Karl Dussik and Friedrich Dussik attempted to use sound for medical imaging
What happened in 1963 regarding sonography
commercial scanners became available
- increasing range of applications for scanner
What happened in 1969 regarding sonographers
The American society of Ultrasound Technical specialists (ASUTS)
- established Education Committee
- established Examination Committee
What happened in 1975 regarding sonographers
Examination Committee became the ARDMS (american registry for diagnostic medical sonography)
- administered exam
Who id ASUTS work with
AMA’s manpower division
- to gain recognition of ultrasound technical specialists as a distinct allied health occupation
- achieved in 1973
What are 3 ways to become a diagnostic medical sonographer
- training programs
- associates or bachelors
- one yr programs with certificate
who accredits diagnostic medical sonographer rpograms
CAAHEP
What happened in 2009 for diagnostic medical sonographres
New Mexico and Oregon required licensing
What certification is available for diagnosic medical sonographres
ARDMS
- registered diagnostic medical sonographer (RDMS)
= must pass genearl sonography principles and instrumentation exam
= pass exam in specialty
= renewed every 3 years
ARRT
- offered in primary certification in sonogrpahy and post-primary certification in sonography and breast sonography
- annual renewal
what is a sonogram
noninvasive procedure that does not require the use of radiation
- uses echoes of sound waves
Describe the steps of a sonograph
- spread gel on a patient’s skin
- move transducer over area to be scanned
- look at images for evidence and medica l conditions
- decide which images are pertinent
- analyze results and summarize preliminary findings
Waht is a transducer
device that emits sound and detects returning echoes
what are 6 specialties of diagnostic medical sonographers
- obstetrics/gynecology
- abdomen
- neurosonography
- breast
- cardiology
- vascular
what are typical tasks of a diagnostic medical sonographer
evaluate requisition before sonogram set doppler parameters select proper transducer apply coupling gel perform abdominal scan identify artifacts prepare written summary clean, check, maintain equipment
why are diagnostic medical sonographers increasing
- elderly
- safer alternative to radiology
- scanning more of the body
what is the professional organization of diagnostic medical sonographres
SDMS: the society of diagnostic medical sonography
- formerly ASUTS
what are radiographs
black and white images using xx-rays
what happened in 1895 regarding raiographres
roentgen discovered x-rays
what happened in 1917 for radiographers
Ed Jerman decided to start education programs for x-rays
created AART (american association of radiological technicians)
- became the American Society of Radiographers
- became the American Society of X Ray technicians (ASXT)
what happened in 1922 for radiographic technicians
certification exam given
ARXT established (american registry of x ray technicians)
Who accredits radiographic technician programs
AMA council on medical education and hospitals, then
The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic technology, now
what happened during the 1950s for radiographic technicians
1950s = rapid advances prompted ASXT to develop curriculum
1952 = curriculum submitted and approved by american college of radiology
what is the eudcation of radiographic technicians
2 yrs associates degree
certificate program lasting 21 to 24 months OR bachelors
what can radiographic technicians specialize in
CT
MRI
mammogram
who certifies radiographic technicians
ARRT
american registry of radiologic technologists (formerly ARXT)
what do radiographers do
paitnet history radiation protection shield identify radiography with lead markers manipulate radiographic equipment expose film after telling patient to hold still process film evaluate images
Why are radiographers growing
elderly
increased use of imaging
what is the professional organization of radiographres
ASRT
american society of radiologic technologists
what are nuclear medicine technologists
radiologic technologist who specializes in nuclear medicine
what is nuclear medicine
use of radioactive materials inside the body to create diagnostic images or to treat cancer and other diseases
who discovered radioactivity
Henir Becquerel in 1896
who made a key dev. in radioactivity, what
Georg Von Heesy
developing radioisotope tracers
what are radionuclides or radioisotopes
unstable atoms of an element that give off radiation
- can be traced due to radioactivity
what are radiopharmaceuticals
radionuclides bound to a stable molecule or compound
- targeted to accumulate temporarily in specific issues or organs
a high or low concentration of radioactivity indicates disease
what are radiosondes used in
treating disease and killing cancer cells
what happened in 1929-1946 regarding nuclear medicine
1929 = Lawrence invented cyclotron
= enabled making artifical radionuclides (iodine 141 and technetium 99m)
1930s = treat blood disorders with radioactive phosphorous produced in cyclotrons
1942= invention of nucelar reactor helped produce radionuclides
1946= thyroid cancer was treated wiht radioactive iodine
what are the eudcation requirements of nuclear medicine technologists
associates
bachelors
certificate
- for those who are already healhcare professionals
Who accredits nuclear medicine technology programs
the joint review committee on educational programs in nuclear medicine technology (JRCNMT)
describe credentials of nuclear medicine technologists
voluntary
ARRT and NMTCB certify it
- complete program
- 15 hours of CE
- renwed annually with CE every 2 yrs
what does the NMTCB offer specialty
nuclear cardiology
PET scanning
what do nuclear medicine techs do
get camera and computer system ready
prepare radiopharmacuetical ready explain procedure
administer radiopharmaeutical
position patient and start x-ray unit
= gamma camera picks up rays emitted by radiophrmacuetical
= radioactive material distribution and concentration is recorded
select, process, enhance images
preliminary analysis
what do nuclear med. technologists assist in
radionuclide therapy
what are typical tasks of nuclear medicine teceh.
select and preapre prescribed dosages verify syringe and dose perofrm wipe tests venpincture radiation surveys
how are wipe tests performed
place “paper” in a vial to serve as background sample and close vial
take sample by wiping surface side to side in S motion.
sample is placed in a vial
add LSC (liquid scintillation counter) cocktail to the viles
document results
-if result is 3x the background sample count, retest surface
why are nuclear medicine techs growing
development of new tech (PET and SPET)
development of new nuclear med treatment
elderly and middle aged
who is the profesional org. for nuclear medicine
SNM
society of nuclear medicine
