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Dynamics of Health Care > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are clinical lab. technologists als o known as

A

medical technologists

clinical laboratory scientists

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2
Q

when were the first clinical labs established

A

late 1800s and early 1900s

- due to discovery of the bacteria that caused tuberculosis and other epidemic diseases

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3
Q

Why did clinical lab. technologists grow during world war 1

A

qualified lab personnel were in short supply as the number of labs increased and other personnel left to join the armed services

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4
Q

What happened in 1928 for clinical laboratory technologists

A

ASCP (american society for clinical pathology) created the Board of registry (BOR) for certification

BOS (board of schools) was created later as well

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5
Q

What happens if you pass BOR’s accrediting exam

A

become medical technologists and are known as MT

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6
Q

what happened in 1933 regarding clinical lab technologists

A

ASCLS was formed

american society for clinical laboratory sciences

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7
Q

What happened in 1973 regarding clinical lab technologists

A

function of accreditation was passed to NAACLS

national accrediting association for clinical laboratory sciences

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8
Q

describe the education of clinical laboratory technologists

A

most have bachelor’s degree

- depending on job, education + on the job training may be acceptable

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9
Q

what is CLIA

A

clinical laboratory improvement amendments

set of federal quality standards for laboratory testing to ensure accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of patient test results

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10
Q

what are 3 levels of clia tests

A

waived or low complexity tests
moderate complexity tests
high complexity tests
- require associates degree

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11
Q

what are 3 examples of education for clinical lab technologists

A

3 + 1
4+ 1
coursebook with short clinical experience

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12
Q

what are 9 parts of clt programs

A 
scientific content
lab tests
quality assurance
government regulations 
communication and teamwork 
ethics and professionalism
educational techniques 
research design and practice
lab operations
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13
Q

describe CLT credetials

A

licensure or registration (sometimes necessary)

voluntary offered by

  1. AMT - American Medical technologists
  2. ASCP
  3. Board of registry of the American Association of bio analysts
  4. National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel
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14
Q

what are 6 CLT test specialties

A

clinical chemistry technologies
= prepare specimens and analyze DNA cells, and chemicals/hormones in blood

microbiology technologies
= examine and identify bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other microorganisms

blood bank/immunohematology
=collect, type, and test blood

immunology technologists
= test for diseases w. immune system

cytotechnologists
= study cells

molecular biology technologists
= complex testing on cell samples

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15
Q

what is quality control

A

monitoring each phase of the lab process to ensure quality assurance and improvement

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16
Q

what are typical tasks of CLT

A 
venous and skin punctures
prepare reagents
complete blood count
examine cell and analyze test result
enter test results
calibrate lab. equipment
run daily quality control check
design and dev. research experiments
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17
Q

why will CLT grow

A

more tests for growing population

new tests being developed

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18
Q

what is the professional organization for CLT

A

ASCLS

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19
Q

what are clinical lab technicians called

A

medical lab technicians

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20
Q

what do clinical laboratory technicians do

A

perform tests on tissues, cells, nd body fluids under the supervision of a laboratory technologist

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21
Q

what are the six specialities of clinical lab technologiss

A 
blood bank 
cytotechnology
hematology
histology
microbiology
immunology
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22
Q

what is blood bank technology

A

tests to determine donated blood characteristics and ensure safey

  • ABO blood type
  • Rh status
  • Red blood cell antibodies
  • check platelets for bacteria
  • test for communicable disease
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23
Q

what is cytotechnology

A

examine cells microscopically for changes or abnormal cells that indicate viral or bacterial infections, cancer, precancerous conditions

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24
Q

what is cytology

A

study of structure of cells

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25
Q

what is hematology

A

perform blood tests (CBC)

- prothrombin time (PT test)

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26
Q

what is a prothrombin test for

A

what is diagnose bleeding problems and check whether blood thinning medications work

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27
Q

what does a CBC include

A

red and white blood cells

hematocrit (percetnge of red blood cells)

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28
Q

what is histology

A

study of microscopic strcture of tissue
- take tissue samples that re size, dried, and embedded in wax so they can easily cut into sections and stained for study

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29
Q

what is histological study

A

diagnosis of cancer and other disease

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30
Q

what is microbiology

A

identify various microorganisms that cause disease

= use samples of urine, stool, sputum, etc.. to determine growth and test microorganisms

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31
Q

what 4 things does microbiology include

A

bacteriology
virology
mycology
parasitology

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32
Q

what is immuology

A

perform simple and specialized tests to determine whether immune system is functioning properly
-scan for disease

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33
Q

when and why did clinical lab technicians emerge

A

1960s

- need for new category of personnel that would perform some med technologist functions

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34
Q

what two factors aided in the development of clinical lab technicians

A

increasing popularity of two year community and junior colleges

Allied Health Personnel training Act (1996) provided federal funding for allied health progrmas

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35
Q

What happened in 1969 for clinical lab technicians

A

American Association of Junior Colleges and the National Council on Medical Terminology published guidelines for education programs

BOR offered certification exam

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36
Q

What happened in 1971 for clinical la technicians, why

A

gudielines in 1969 needed refinemen

ASCP established commitee for standards, accreditation, and certification exam

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37
Q

what happened in 1972 for clinical lab technicians

A

the ASCP comitttee established ‘ Essentials for an approved program for Associate degree Medical Laboratory Technicians” to the AMA
- approved and published

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38
Q

what happened in 1973 for medical lab technicians

A

American Society for Medical technology (ASMT), now ASCLS

approved entry-level competencies for medical laboratory technicians

39
Q

who accredits clinical lab technician programs

A

NAACLS

40
Q

describe the education of clinical lab technicians

A

associates (specifically for highly complex tests)

may be on the job (rarely)

41
Q

describe credentials for clinical lab technicians

A

must be licensed ore registered in SOME states

voluntary certification from

  • AMT
  • ASCP
  • board of registry of the american association of bioanalysts
  • national credentialing agency for laboratory personnel
42
Q

describe the steps of a clinical lab technician

A

recognize basic problems
use established procedures to correct them
perform tests
analyze results and relate them to distances and conditions
record findings
if results indicate medical problem, report them to a supervisor

43
Q

what are the typical tasks of a clinical lab technician

A 
collect throat specimen
draw blood by finger stick
peripheral blood smear
ABO and Rh blood type
blood cholesterol test
weigh out chemicals 
perform chemical analysis of urine
clean and lubricate equipment 
organize supplies
44
Q

what is the professional oganization for clinical lab technicians

A

AMT

45
Q

what are lab assistants called

A

clinical assistants

medical laboratory assistants

46
Q

when and why did lab assistants emerge

A

mid 1950s

resposne to shortage of medical technologies in physicians offices and labs in rural areas

47
Q

where and why did most technologists prefer tow rok

A

urban settings

perform greater variety of tests and use more of their skills

48
Q

describe the history of lab assistants

A

medical professionals began discussing splitting lab personnel based on education
- state medical associations promoted creation of formal training programs for lab assistants to help in rural areas

49
Q

what happened in the 1960s and 1970s for ab assistans

A

1962 = joint committee of ASCP and ASMT developed model training program

1963 = BOR named first training program graduates as certified laboratory assistants

1967 = certifying exam administered by BOR

1973 = ASMT approved entry level competencies for certified lab assistants

50
Q

what is the education of a laboratory assistant

A

high school diploma or equivalent

  • most are trained o job
  • mayhave formal training program
51
Q

Who accredits the FEW laboratory assistant prgorams

A

NAACLS

52
Q

how long are lab assistant programs

A

9-18 months

53
Q

describe credentials for lab assistants

A

licensed or registered in SOME states

can obtain CMLA
- certified medical lab assistant from the AMT or National Healthcareer association (NHA)

54
Q

what does centrifuged mean

A

seperated into component parts and stored at room temperature

55
Q

what are the typical tasks of lab assistants

A

collect blood specimens if trained in phlebotomy

prepare store dispose of specimens

blood glucose testing

technical error recgonization

instruct patients in collection and preservation of samples

inventroy control and supplies

prepare and stain slides for analysis

assemble and prepare reagents

vital signs

follow quality control procedure

56
Q

why are lab assistants growing

A

aging bab y boomers

57
Q

why is there a shortage of lab assistants

A

competitio nfor qualified staff and lower compensation for lab work compared to other fields

58
Q

what is the professional org. for lab assistants

A

does not have one

some belong to ASCLS

59
Q

when did pharmacists begin

A

ancient times

  • priests
  • monks
  • apothecaries
60
Q

what is compounding

A

mixing ingredients

61
Q

describe pharmacy in the colonial america

A

people had several choices when needing medicine

  • could go to apothecaries shops
  • could go to wholesale druggists
62
Q

what are pharmacueticals

A

medicinal drugs

63
Q

how were apothecaries trained before the civil war

A

through apprenticeship

- apprentices worked for a practicing apothecary

64
Q

describe 1821 for pharmacists

A

apothecaries and druggists gathered in Philadelphia to advance their profession

  • founded the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
  • opened the Philadelphia college of pharmacy as a college

established four schools of pharmacy over 44 years

65
Q

describe pharmacists after the civil war

A

shifted to sate universities

at UOM - Dr. Prescott changed pharmacy education from apprenticeship to academic study

66
Q

what happened during the half centruy after the civil war for pharmacists

A

licensure
more schools
end of pharmacists main role as compounder

67
Q

what happened in 1900 for pharmacists

A

21 pharmacy schools joined the AACP
- american association of colleges of pharamcy

formerly the American Conference of Pharmaceutical Facilities

68
Q

What happened in the 1920s for pharmacists

A

AACP adopted basic curriculm

- 4 yr college program

69
Q

what happened in 1932 for pharmacists

A

ACPE (Accreditation council for pharamcy education)

formerly American Council on Pharmaceutical Education

was founded

70
Q

what happened in 1905 for pharmacists

A

NY had licensure for pharmacists

71
Q

describe education for a pharmacist

A

at least 2 yrs of undergraduate work
pass the PCAT
go to pharmacy school (4 years)

72
Q

describe the workaround to the main pathway for pharmacy

A

high school students can apply for pharmacy program that offer a “0-6) program or early asurance programs

73
Q

what is pharmacuetical chemistry

A

application of chemical sciences to pharmacy

74
Q

what is pharmacognosy

A

study of natural drugs from plants and nanimals

75
Q

what is pharmacology

A

understand how drugs act in the body

76
Q

what areas do pharmacists get M.S or Ph.D in

A

pharmaceutics
pharmaceutical chemistry
pharmacology
pharmacy administration

77
Q

describe licensure for pharmacists

A

pass the NAPLEX
- nroth american pharmacist licensure exam
= pass the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam (MPJE) on pharmacy law

both tests administered by NABP - National Association of Boards of pharmacy

need specific number of hours practicing (usually completed in pharmacy school)

78
Q

what can pharmacsts specialize in

A

particular tpe of drug therapy

  • oncology
  • nuclear
  • geriatric
  • psychiatric
79
Q

what are the typical tasks of pharmacists

A 
respond to verbal prescription order
read and transfer prescripion 
fill prescripon for topical compound, oral antibiotic suspension 
interview, assses, counsel patient
research memdicine
80
Q

why are pharmacists growing

A

incresed demand for prescription drugs
elderly
new drugs becoming available

81
Q

what is the professional organization for pharmacists

A

National Pharmaceutical Association

NPhA

82
Q

what steps does a pharmacist take

A

review prescription order

  • verify dosage
  • check for allergies
  • check for duplicate orders

input into pharmacy computer system

reveiw order against original prescription

  • check appropriateness of drug
  • check dosage
  • check drug interactions

print label and fill prescrption

83
Q

when and why did pharmacy technicians arise

A

establishment by U.S army for training program for pharmacy specialists

mid 1940s

84
Q

what happened between 1960 and 1980 for pharmacy technicians

A

worked to establish formal system of training for pharmacy technicians
- U.S department of health, education, and welfare worked with professional pharmacy associations

1975- ASHP (American Society of Healeth-System Pharmacists) established

85
Q

what happened in 1982 for pharmacy technicians

A

guidelines by ASHP turned into accreditation standards

86
Q

what happened in 1983 for pharmacy technicians

A

ASHP acccreditation

87
Q

what happened in the 1990s for pharmacy technicians

A

national certification program and model curriculum developed

88
Q

describe education of pharmacy techncians

A

most have formal training and certification

  • 600 hours of training over a period of 15+ weeks (6 months - 2 yrs)
  • internship or externship in 2 settings
89
Q

describe credentials for pharmacy technicians

A

certification is optional but may be required

pharmacy technician certification board
institute of certification of pharmacy technicians

recertification every 2 years and natioinal exam

90
Q

what are the typical tasks of pharmacy technicians

A

accept written prescrption
count pills, tablets, capsules
compound ointments
educate patient
prepare unit doses, prescription labels, purchase orders
enter orders into computer with pharmacy records
maintain inventory

91
Q

why are pharmacy techs growing

A

demand for prescription drugs

new responsibilites of pharmacy techs

92
Q

what is a key task of pharmacy technicians, explain

A

fll prescriptions

  1. read prescription and calculate correct dosease
  2. retrieve correct stock package of medication and double check
  3. pour small supply of tablets/capsules into counting tray
    - push capsules into tray dispenser or well
  4. pour unused tablets pack into stock package
  5. clean counting tray with ethyl alcohol preparation
93
Q

what is the professional org. for pharmacy techs

A

AAPT - American Assocation of Pharmacy Technicians

NPTA - National Pharmacy Technician Association

94
Q

what is the largest pharmacy tech association

A

NPTA

Dynamics of Health Care (21 decks)

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