chapter 6 Flashcards
what are clinical lab. technologists als o known as
medical technologists
clinical laboratory scientists
when were the first clinical labs established
late 1800s and early 1900s
- due to discovery of the bacteria that caused tuberculosis and other epidemic diseases
Why did clinical lab. technologists grow during world war 1
qualified lab personnel were in short supply as the number of labs increased and other personnel left to join the armed services
What happened in 1928 for clinical laboratory technologists
ASCP (american society for clinical pathology) created the Board of registry (BOR) for certification
BOS (board of schools) was created later as well
What happens if you pass BOR’s accrediting exam
become medical technologists and are known as MT
what happened in 1933 regarding clinical lab technologists
ASCLS was formed
american society for clinical laboratory sciences
What happened in 1973 regarding clinical lab technologists
function of accreditation was passed to NAACLS
national accrediting association for clinical laboratory sciences
describe the education of clinical laboratory technologists
most have bachelor’s degree
- depending on job, education + on the job training may be acceptable
what is CLIA
clinical laboratory improvement amendments
set of federal quality standards for laboratory testing to ensure accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of patient test results
what are 3 levels of clia tests
waived or low complexity tests
moderate complexity tests
high complexity tests
- require associates degree
what are 3 examples of education for clinical lab technologists
3 + 1
4+ 1
coursebook with short clinical experience
what are 9 parts of clt programs
scientific content lab tests quality assurance government regulations communication and teamwork ethics and professionalism educational techniques research design and practice lab operations
describe CLT credetials
licensure or registration (sometimes necessary)
voluntary offered by
- AMT - American Medical technologists
- ASCP
- Board of registry of the American Association of bio analysts
- National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel
what are 6 CLT test specialties
clinical chemistry technologies
= prepare specimens and analyze DNA cells, and chemicals/hormones in blood
microbiology technologies
= examine and identify bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other microorganisms
blood bank/immunohematology
=collect, type, and test blood
immunology technologists
= test for diseases w. immune system
cytotechnologists
= study cells
molecular biology technologists
= complex testing on cell samples
what is quality control
monitoring each phase of the lab process to ensure quality assurance and improvement
what are typical tasks of CLT
venous and skin punctures prepare reagents complete blood count examine cell and analyze test result enter test results calibrate lab. equipment run daily quality control check design and dev. research experiments
why will CLT grow
more tests for growing population
new tests being developed
what is the professional organization for CLT
ASCLS
what are clinical lab technicians called
medical lab technicians
what do clinical laboratory technicians do
perform tests on tissues, cells, nd body fluids under the supervision of a laboratory technologist
what are the six specialities of clinical lab technologiss
blood bank cytotechnology hematology histology microbiology immunology
what is blood bank technology
tests to determine donated blood characteristics and ensure safey
- ABO blood type
- Rh status
- Red blood cell antibodies
- check platelets for bacteria
- test for communicable disease
what is cytotechnology
examine cells microscopically for changes or abnormal cells that indicate viral or bacterial infections, cancer, precancerous conditions
what is cytology
study of structure of cells
what is hematology
perform blood tests (CBC)
- prothrombin time (PT test)
what is a prothrombin test for
what is diagnose bleeding problems and check whether blood thinning medications work
what does a CBC include
red and white blood cells
hematocrit (percetnge of red blood cells)
what is histology
study of microscopic strcture of tissue
- take tissue samples that re size, dried, and embedded in wax so they can easily cut into sections and stained for study
what is histological study
diagnosis of cancer and other disease
what is microbiology
identify various microorganisms that cause disease
= use samples of urine, stool, sputum, etc.. to determine growth and test microorganisms
what 4 things does microbiology include
bacteriology
virology
mycology
parasitology
what is immuology
perform simple and specialized tests to determine whether immune system is functioning properly
-scan for disease
when and why did clinical lab technicians emerge
1960s
- need for new category of personnel that would perform some med technologist functions
what two factors aided in the development of clinical lab technicians
increasing popularity of two year community and junior colleges
Allied Health Personnel training Act (1996) provided federal funding for allied health progrmas
What happened in 1969 for clinical lab technicians
American Association of Junior Colleges and the National Council on Medical Terminology published guidelines for education programs
BOR offered certification exam
What happened in 1971 for clinical la technicians, why
gudielines in 1969 needed refinemen
ASCP established commitee for standards, accreditation, and certification exam
what happened in 1972 for clinical lab technicians
the ASCP comitttee established ‘ Essentials for an approved program for Associate degree Medical Laboratory Technicians” to the AMA
- approved and published
what happened in 1973 for medical lab technicians
American Society for Medical technology (ASMT), now ASCLS
approved entry-level competencies for medical laboratory technicians
who accredits clinical lab technician programs
NAACLS
describe the education of clinical lab technicians
associates (specifically for highly complex tests)
may be on the job (rarely)
describe credentials for clinical lab technicians
must be licensed ore registered in SOME states
voluntary certification from
- AMT
- ASCP
- board of registry of the american association of bioanalysts
- national credentialing agency for laboratory personnel
describe the steps of a clinical lab technician
recognize basic problems
use established procedures to correct them
perform tests
analyze results and relate them to distances and conditions
record findings
if results indicate medical problem, report them to a supervisor
what are the typical tasks of a clinical lab technician
collect throat specimen draw blood by finger stick peripheral blood smear ABO and Rh blood type blood cholesterol test weigh out chemicals perform chemical analysis of urine clean and lubricate equipment organize supplies
what is the professional oganization for clinical lab technicians
AMT
what are lab assistants called
clinical assistants
medical laboratory assistants
when and why did lab assistants emerge
mid 1950s
resposne to shortage of medical technologies in physicians offices and labs in rural areas
where and why did most technologists prefer tow rok
urban settings
perform greater variety of tests and use more of their skills
describe the history of lab assistants
medical professionals began discussing splitting lab personnel based on education
- state medical associations promoted creation of formal training programs for lab assistants to help in rural areas
what happened in the 1960s and 1970s for ab assistans
1962 = joint committee of ASCP and ASMT developed model training program
1963 = BOR named first training program graduates as certified laboratory assistants
1967 = certifying exam administered by BOR
1973 = ASMT approved entry level competencies for certified lab assistants
what is the education of a laboratory assistant
high school diploma or equivalent
- most are trained o job
- mayhave formal training program
Who accredits the FEW laboratory assistant prgorams
NAACLS
how long are lab assistant programs
9-18 months
describe credentials for lab assistants
licensed or registered in SOME states
can obtain CMLA
- certified medical lab assistant from the AMT or National Healthcareer association (NHA)
what does centrifuged mean
seperated into component parts and stored at room temperature
what are the typical tasks of lab assistants
collect blood specimens if trained in phlebotomy
prepare store dispose of specimens
blood glucose testing
technical error recgonization
instruct patients in collection and preservation of samples
inventroy control and supplies
prepare and stain slides for analysis
assemble and prepare reagents
vital signs
follow quality control procedure
why are lab assistants growing
aging bab y boomers
why is there a shortage of lab assistants
competitio nfor qualified staff and lower compensation for lab work compared to other fields
what is the professional org. for lab assistants
does not have one
some belong to ASCLS
when did pharmacists begin
ancient times
- priests
- monks
- apothecaries
what is compounding
mixing ingredients
describe pharmacy in the colonial america
people had several choices when needing medicine
- could go to apothecaries shops
- could go to wholesale druggists
what are pharmacueticals
medicinal drugs
how were apothecaries trained before the civil war
through apprenticeship
- apprentices worked for a practicing apothecary
describe 1821 for pharmacists
apothecaries and druggists gathered in Philadelphia to advance their profession
- founded the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
- opened the Philadelphia college of pharmacy as a college
established four schools of pharmacy over 44 years
describe pharmacists after the civil war
shifted to sate universities
at UOM - Dr. Prescott changed pharmacy education from apprenticeship to academic study
what happened during the half centruy after the civil war for pharmacists
licensure
more schools
end of pharmacists main role as compounder
what happened in 1900 for pharmacists
21 pharmacy schools joined the AACP
- american association of colleges of pharamcy
formerly the American Conference of Pharmaceutical Facilities
What happened in the 1920s for pharmacists
AACP adopted basic curriculm
- 4 yr college program
what happened in 1932 for pharmacists
ACPE (Accreditation council for pharamcy education)
formerly American Council on Pharmaceutical Education
was founded
what happened in 1905 for pharmacists
NY had licensure for pharmacists
describe education for a pharmacist
at least 2 yrs of undergraduate work
pass the PCAT
go to pharmacy school (4 years)
describe the workaround to the main pathway for pharmacy
high school students can apply for pharmacy program that offer a “0-6) program or early asurance programs
what is pharmacuetical chemistry
application of chemical sciences to pharmacy
what is pharmacognosy
study of natural drugs from plants and nanimals
what is pharmacology
understand how drugs act in the body
what areas do pharmacists get M.S or Ph.D in
pharmaceutics
pharmaceutical chemistry
pharmacology
pharmacy administration
describe licensure for pharmacists
pass the NAPLEX
- nroth american pharmacist licensure exam
= pass the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam (MPJE) on pharmacy law
both tests administered by NABP - National Association of Boards of pharmacy
need specific number of hours practicing (usually completed in pharmacy school)
what can pharmacsts specialize in
particular tpe of drug therapy
- oncology
- nuclear
- geriatric
- psychiatric
what are the typical tasks of pharmacists
respond to verbal prescription order read and transfer prescripion fill prescripon for topical compound, oral antibiotic suspension interview, assses, counsel patient research memdicine
why are pharmacists growing
incresed demand for prescription drugs
elderly
new drugs becoming available
what is the professional organization for pharmacists
National Pharmaceutical Association
NPhA
what steps does a pharmacist take
review prescription order
- verify dosage
- check for allergies
- check for duplicate orders
input into pharmacy computer system
reveiw order against original prescription
- check appropriateness of drug
- check dosage
- check drug interactions
print label and fill prescrption
when and why did pharmacy technicians arise
establishment by U.S army for training program for pharmacy specialists
mid 1940s
what happened between 1960 and 1980 for pharmacy technicians
worked to establish formal system of training for pharmacy technicians
- U.S department of health, education, and welfare worked with professional pharmacy associations
1975- ASHP (American Society of Healeth-System Pharmacists) established
what happened in 1982 for pharmacy technicians
guidelines by ASHP turned into accreditation standards
what happened in 1983 for pharmacy technicians
ASHP acccreditation
what happened in the 1990s for pharmacy technicians
national certification program and model curriculum developed
describe education of pharmacy techncians
most have formal training and certification
- 600 hours of training over a period of 15+ weeks (6 months - 2 yrs)
- internship or externship in 2 settings
describe credentials for pharmacy technicians
certification is optional but may be required
pharmacy technician certification board
institute of certification of pharmacy technicians
recertification every 2 years and natioinal exam
what are the typical tasks of pharmacy technicians
accept written prescrption
count pills, tablets, capsules
compound ointments
educate patient
prepare unit doses, prescription labels, purchase orders
enter orders into computer with pharmacy records
maintain inventory
why are pharmacy techs growing
demand for prescription drugs
new responsibilites of pharmacy techs
what is a key task of pharmacy technicians, explain
fll prescriptions
- read prescription and calculate correct dosease
- retrieve correct stock package of medication and double check
- pour small supply of tablets/capsules into counting tray
- push capsules into tray dispenser or well - pour unused tablets pack into stock package
- clean counting tray with ethyl alcohol preparation
what is the professional org. for pharmacy techs
AAPT - American Assocation of Pharmacy Technicians
NPTA - National Pharmacy Technician Association
what is the largest pharmacy tech association
NPTA
