Chapter 1: Today's health care system Flashcards
Name one “characteristic” that has evolved through healthcare.
Obesity
- obesity was considered a sign of wealth, it is now a sign of disease
What were the three healthcare categories before the 1900s
- physician
- dentist
- nurse
When were the prehistoric times
8000 BC to 3000 BC
Why did disease not spread easily in prehistoric times?
- nomadic lifestyle
- small communities
What was medicine rooted in in the prehistoric times?
religious or spiritual belief
When were the ancient times
3000 BC to 500 AD
Describe the Ancient Times in Egypt
- basic knowledge of human anatomy
- documented advanced hygienic ideas
- influenced the Greek
Who was Hippocrates (from Greece)
- figure in Greek Medicine
- emphasized prognosis
- wrote Hippocratic Corpus
- Made the Hippocratic Oath
What is the Hippocratic Oath
moral basis for medical regulations and guidelines still in use today
Describe the Ancient Times in Rome
- emphasis on preventive health care
- public health was encouraged
- sewage systems were built
- hospitals built
Describe medicine and religion in the Medieval times
- Medicine is unsuitable for Christians
- Disease and illness are punishments from God
Why was medical progress suspended during the Medieval Times
The Fall of the Roman Empire
What important work was written in the Medieval Times
Canon of Medicine by Avicenna
- combined Indian, Roman, Persian, and Islamic medicine
- explained causes of common diseases
When were the Medieval Times
500 AD to 1300 AD
When was the Renaissance
1300 AD to 1600 AD
What was the cause of the Black Death
unsanitary conditions in Western Europe
Describe the renewed interest in Medicine during the Renaissance
- Greek and roman medical texts translated
- advances in science and research
- anatomy was studied
Who was Andreas Vesalius
- studied human body through dissection
- published comprehensive book on anatomy
- spread information with printing press
When were medical universities established?
- Renaissance
- needed more training to be a physician
When were the modern times
1600 AD to present
What 4 inventions have been made during the modern times
- microscope
- thermometer
- stethoscope
- sphygmomanometer
What were advances made in during the Modern Times (17th century)
- circulatory system
- digestive system
- respiratory system
- surgical procedures
What major advancement was made in vaccinations? Who made it?
- Edward Jenner founded the smallpox vaccine
- Smallpox was eradicated (by WHO) in 1972
What did Louis Pasteur do?
- Developed germ theory of disease
- Infectious diseases are caused by germs
- Better understanding of the nature of contagious disease
What two vaccinations did Pasteur produce
- anthrax
- rabies
Who is Robert Koch
- researched anthrax and rabies
- studied micro-organisms and tuberculosis
Who are the Fathers of Microbiology
- Pasteur and Koch
Who was Florence Nightingale, what did she do?
Founder of Modern Day Nursing
= improved standards of hygiene and sanitation
What did Florence Nightingale do after the war?
- return to England to improve the quality of nursing in military hospitals
- Set foundation of hospital design and nursing
What instrument was used in the Korean and Vietnam Wars
MASH (mobile army surgical hospital)
- helicopter ambulances reduced time required to transport casualties
Name technologies attributed to the Apollo moon landing program ( 2)
- nonsurgical alternative to balloon angioplasty
- CT and MRI
Name technologies attributed to the NASA program? (3)
- electron microscope
- nuclear medicine
- life support techniques
What are 3 reasons for the growing medical industry?
= innovative medical tech
= aging populations
= longer life expectancy
Why was healthcare specialization invented?
To keep up with the advances being made in areas of healthcare
What does fragmentation of care result in? (5)
- patient confused
- loss of continuity of care
- conflicting plans of care
- too much or too little medication
- higher health costs
What must healthcare providers do to ease patient care during specialization.
- humanize the patients healthcare experience and provide individualized care
Due to population aging, what is healthcare focused on?
- wellness and disease prevention
What is a holistic approach to healthcare
- treating the whole person rather than the physical body
Describe the increase expected for the elderly population (most of whom face chronic conditions)
= Baby Boomer Generation will begin to turn 65 in 2011
= Older population will double from 36 to 72 million between 2003 and 2030
= Older population will increase from 12% to 20% of the population
= By 2050, the population will be 86.7 million
What does wellness refer to?
having a balanced diet, exercise, good life plan, and having routine examinations
What are complementary therapies?
Alternative therapists that use holistic methods to improve a person’s health
- nutrition
- exercise
- relaxation
What is homeopathy
a holistic system of healing that focuses on stimulating the body’s ability to heal itself by giving small doses of highly diluted substances
What is homeopathy based on
The Principle of Similar (“like cures like”)
-if a substance that could cause disease symptoms in a healthy person, small amounts may cure a sick person with similar symptoms
What is acupuncture?
- needles are inserted through the skin at certain points to treat diseases or relieve pain
What is aromatherapy?
- the face and body are massaged with oils made from herbs, flowers, and fruits
- reduce anxiety and muscle tension
What are benefits of eastern medicine
restful sleep, boosted immune system, sense of well-being
What is chiropractic medicine
use adjustments of body structures to promote healing
Differentiate between inpatient and outpatient
- an inpatient stays in an acute care facility for greater than 24 hours
- an outpatient stays in an acute care facility for less than 24 hours
what is acute care (hospitals)
care for patients with extremely serious, severe, or painful conditions that require immediate medical attention
Who do hospitals care for?
- ill and injured
- require surgery
- require complicated treatments
- pregnancy
What is the average length of stay in a hospital now? Why has it decreased?
- 8 days
- rise of nontraditional facilities
What is a public hospital?
- nonprofit institutions are financed and operated by local, state, or national agencies
What is a nonprofit institution
receive tax exemptions and must provide community benefit
What is a for-profit institution
do not receive tax exemptions and are not required to provide community benefit
What is a private hospital
a for profit or nonprofit institution operated by churches, corporations, charitable organizations
What is a subacute care facility
cares for a variety of patients with complex medical and rehabilitative needs
- patient does not need acute care, bu needs complex care
What do subacute care facilities bridge the gap between
hospitalization and rehabilitation
Compare a hospital to subacute care facility
- subacute facilities are 20-50% less expensive than hospitals
What is an extended care facility
- provide health care and help with the activities of daily living to people of any age
- physically and mentally unstable patients
Why are extended care facilities growing (3)
- patients are discharged from hospitals earlier in recovery period
- patients require care beyond the scope of home care
- older adults cannot carry out ADL by themselves
What is a new concept of extended care?
- aging in place
- allows patients to remain in own homes as long as they are able to care for themselves
What is an independent living facility
group of apartments or houses for residents who can take care of themselves but need some help with daily activities
What is an assisted living facility
provides housing, group meals, personal care, support services, and social activities in a community setting.
What is home health care?
- care in a patients’ home provided through community health departments, visiting nurse’s associations, and more
What services do Home Health Care agencies provide
- assessment by nurses
- teaching and support of patients/family members
- direct care for patients
What are the 3 reasons why Home Health Care agencies are growing
- health care reimbursement practices encouraging early discharge from hospitals
- chronic illnesses in elderly population
- sophisticated technology enabling people to live and be comfortable in their own homes
What is a rehabilitation center?
- specializes in services for patients needing physical or emotional rehabilitation or treatment of chemical dependency
What is the goal of a rehabilitation center
return patients to the community as independent members of society who are in optimal health
What is a mental health facility
independent or associated with hospital
- provide services for people in crisis or in need of long-term counseling
What type of counseling do patients receive in mental health facilities
- outpatient care
- individual and group counseling
- medications
- assistance w. independent living
What is hospice
a care program to reduce pain symptoms and stress during the last stages of terminal illness
What type of care services are provided for dying persons, families, and loved ones (4)
physical
psychological
social
spiritual
What are volunteer agencies funded by
private donations, grants, fundraisers
What is an interdisciplinary team
health care professionals with varied medical education, backgrounds, and experiences work together to deliver best possible care
What is the typical education for a Laboratory and Pharmacy Professional
- ranges from 1-2 years of specialized training to a bachelors/masters/doctoral degree
What do Laboratory and pharmacy professionals do
- clean and maintain equipment
- conduct lab tests
- may specialize
- collect blood samples
- perform pharmacy related functions
What do diagnostic and imaging professionals do
- perform ultrasound and imaging tests
- work in laboratories to perform tests
What education do diagnostic and imaging professionals need
1-2 yr specialized training to a bachelors or masters degree
What do therapy and rehabilitation professionals do?
- assist patients with work and physical related issues
- restore health and educate patients -
What can professionals in therapy and rehabilitation specialize in
occupational physical rehabilitation speech massage
Describe the education of therapy and rehabilitation professionals
accreditation to doctoral degree (depends)
What do professionals in health information and administration do?
manage medical, billing, insurance, legal, and governmental information
Describe the education requirements of health information and administration professionals
1-2 yrs of specialized training to bachelors
computer skills are necessary
