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Dynamics of Health Care > Chapter 1: Today's health care system > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Today's health care system Flashcards

1
Q

Name one “characteristic” that has evolved through healthcare.

A

Obesity

- obesity was considered a sign of wealth, it is now a sign of disease

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2
Q

What were the three healthcare categories before the 1900s

A
  • physician
  • dentist
  • nurse
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3
Q

When were the prehistoric times

A

8000 BC to 3000 BC

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4
Q

Why did disease not spread easily in prehistoric times?

A
  • nomadic lifestyle

- small communities

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5
Q

What was medicine rooted in in the prehistoric times?

A

religious or spiritual belief

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6
Q

When were the ancient times

A

3000 BC to 500 AD

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7
Q

Describe the Ancient Times in Egypt

A
  • basic knowledge of human anatomy
  • documented advanced hygienic ideas
  • influenced the Greek
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8
Q

Who was Hippocrates (from Greece)

A
  • figure in Greek Medicine
  • emphasized prognosis
  • wrote Hippocratic Corpus
  • Made the Hippocratic Oath
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9
Q

What is the Hippocratic Oath

A

moral basis for medical regulations and guidelines still in use today

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10
Q

Describe the Ancient Times in Rome

A
  • emphasis on preventive health care
  • public health was encouraged
  • sewage systems were built
  • hospitals built
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11
Q

Describe medicine and religion in the Medieval times

A
  • Medicine is unsuitable for Christians

- Disease and illness are punishments from God

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12
Q

Why was medical progress suspended during the Medieval Times

A

The Fall of the Roman Empire

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13
Q

What important work was written in the Medieval Times

A

Canon of Medicine by Avicenna

  • combined Indian, Roman, Persian, and Islamic medicine
  • explained causes of common diseases
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14
Q

When were the Medieval Times

A

500 AD to 1300 AD

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15
Q

When was the Renaissance

A

1300 AD to 1600 AD

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16
Q

What was the cause of the Black Death

A

unsanitary conditions in Western Europe

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17
Q

Describe the renewed interest in Medicine during the Renaissance

A
  • Greek and roman medical texts translated
  • advances in science and research
  • anatomy was studied
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18
Q

Who was Andreas Vesalius

A
  • studied human body through dissection
  • published comprehensive book on anatomy
  • spread information with printing press
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19
Q

When were medical universities established?

A
  • Renaissance

- needed more training to be a physician

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20
Q

When were the modern times

A

1600 AD to present

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21
Q

What 4 inventions have been made during the modern times

A
  • microscope
  • thermometer
  • stethoscope
  • sphygmomanometer
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22
Q

What were advances made in during the Modern Times (17th century)

A
  • circulatory system
  • digestive system
  • respiratory system
  • surgical procedures
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23
Q

What major advancement was made in vaccinations? Who made it?

A
  • Edward Jenner founded the smallpox vaccine

- Smallpox was eradicated (by WHO) in 1972

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24
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do?

A
  • Developed germ theory of disease
  • Infectious diseases are caused by germs
  • Better understanding of the nature of contagious disease
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25
Q

What two vaccinations did Pasteur produce

A
  • anthrax

- rabies

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26
Q

Who is Robert Koch

A
  • researched anthrax and rabies

- studied micro-organisms and tuberculosis

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27
Q

Who are the Fathers of Microbiology

A
  • Pasteur and Koch
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28
Q

Who was Florence Nightingale, what did she do?

A

Founder of Modern Day Nursing

= improved standards of hygiene and sanitation

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29
Q

What did Florence Nightingale do after the war?

A
  • return to England to improve the quality of nursing in military hospitals
  • Set foundation of hospital design and nursing
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30
Q

What instrument was used in the Korean and Vietnam Wars

A

MASH (mobile army surgical hospital)

- helicopter ambulances reduced time required to transport casualties

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31
Q

Name technologies attributed to the Apollo moon landing program ( 2)

A
  • nonsurgical alternative to balloon angioplasty

- CT and MRI

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32
Q

Name technologies attributed to the NASA program? (3)

A
  • electron microscope
  • nuclear medicine
  • life support techniques
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33
Q

What are 3 reasons for the growing medical industry?

A

= innovative medical tech
= aging populations
= longer life expectancy

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34
Q

Why was healthcare specialization invented?

A

To keep up with the advances being made in areas of healthcare

35
Q

What does fragmentation of care result in? (5)

A
  • patient confused
  • loss of continuity of care
  • conflicting plans of care
  • too much or too little medication
  • higher health costs
36
Q

What must healthcare providers do to ease patient care during specialization.

A
  • humanize the patients healthcare experience and provide individualized care
37
Q

Due to population aging, what is healthcare focused on?

A
  • wellness and disease prevention
38
Q

What is a holistic approach to healthcare

A
  • treating the whole person rather than the physical body
39
Q

Describe the increase expected for the elderly population (most of whom face chronic conditions)

A

= Baby Boomer Generation will begin to turn 65 in 2011
= Older population will double from 36 to 72 million between 2003 and 2030
= Older population will increase from 12% to 20% of the population
= By 2050, the population will be 86.7 million

40
Q

What does wellness refer to?

A

having a balanced diet, exercise, good life plan, and having routine examinations

41
Q

What are complementary therapies?

A

Alternative therapists that use holistic methods to improve a person’s health

  • nutrition
  • exercise
  • relaxation
42
Q

What is homeopathy

A

a holistic system of healing that focuses on stimulating the body’s ability to heal itself by giving small doses of highly diluted substances

43
Q

What is homeopathy based on

A

The Principle of Similar (“like cures like”)
-if a substance that could cause disease symptoms in a healthy person, small amounts may cure a sick person with similar symptoms

44
Q

What is acupuncture?

A
  • needles are inserted through the skin at certain points to treat diseases or relieve pain
45
Q

What is aromatherapy?

A
  • the face and body are massaged with oils made from herbs, flowers, and fruits
  • reduce anxiety and muscle tension
46
Q

What are benefits of eastern medicine

A

restful sleep, boosted immune system, sense of well-being

47
Q

What is chiropractic medicine

A

use adjustments of body structures to promote healing

48
Q

Differentiate between inpatient and outpatient

A
  • an inpatient stays in an acute care facility for greater than 24 hours
  • an outpatient stays in an acute care facility for less than 24 hours
49
Q

what is acute care (hospitals)

A

care for patients with extremely serious, severe, or painful conditions that require immediate medical attention

50
Q

Who do hospitals care for?

A
  • ill and injured
  • require surgery
  • require complicated treatments
  • pregnancy
51
Q

What is the average length of stay in a hospital now? Why has it decreased?

A
  1. 8 days

- rise of nontraditional facilities

52
Q

What is a public hospital?

A
  • nonprofit institutions are financed and operated by local, state, or national agencies
53
Q

What is a nonprofit institution

A

receive tax exemptions and must provide community benefit

54
Q

What is a for-profit institution

A

do not receive tax exemptions and are not required to provide community benefit

55
Q

What is a private hospital

A

a for profit or nonprofit institution operated by churches, corporations, charitable organizations

56
Q

What is a subacute care facility

A

cares for a variety of patients with complex medical and rehabilitative needs
- patient does not need acute care, bu needs complex care

57
Q

What do subacute care facilities bridge the gap between

A

hospitalization and rehabilitation

58
Q

Compare a hospital to subacute care facility

A
  • subacute facilities are 20-50% less expensive than hospitals
59
Q

What is an extended care facility

A
  • provide health care and help with the activities of daily living to people of any age
  • physically and mentally unstable patients
60
Q

Why are extended care facilities growing (3)

A
  • patients are discharged from hospitals earlier in recovery period
  • patients require care beyond the scope of home care
  • older adults cannot carry out ADL by themselves
61
Q

What is a new concept of extended care?

A
  • aging in place

- allows patients to remain in own homes as long as they are able to care for themselves

62
Q

What is an independent living facility

A

group of apartments or houses for residents who can take care of themselves but need some help with daily activities

63
Q

What is an assisted living facility

A

provides housing, group meals, personal care, support services, and social activities in a community setting.

64
Q

What is home health care?

A
  • care in a patients’ home provided through community health departments, visiting nurse’s associations, and more
65
Q

What services do Home Health Care agencies provide

A
  • assessment by nurses
  • teaching and support of patients/family members
  • direct care for patients
66
Q

What are the 3 reasons why Home Health Care agencies are growing

A
  1. health care reimbursement practices encouraging early discharge from hospitals
  2. chronic illnesses in elderly population
  3. sophisticated technology enabling people to live and be comfortable in their own homes
67
Q

What is a rehabilitation center?

A
  • specializes in services for patients needing physical or emotional rehabilitation or treatment of chemical dependency
68
Q

What is the goal of a rehabilitation center

A

return patients to the community as independent members of society who are in optimal health

69
Q

What is a mental health facility

A

independent or associated with hospital

- provide services for people in crisis or in need of long-term counseling

70
Q

What type of counseling do patients receive in mental health facilities

A
  • outpatient care
  • individual and group counseling
  • medications
  • assistance w. independent living
71
Q

What is hospice

A

a care program to reduce pain symptoms and stress during the last stages of terminal illness

72
Q

What type of care services are provided for dying persons, families, and loved ones (4)

A

physical
psychological
social
spiritual

73
Q

What are volunteer agencies funded by

A

private donations, grants, fundraisers

74
Q

What is an interdisciplinary team

A

health care professionals with varied medical education, backgrounds, and experiences work together to deliver best possible care

75
Q

What is the typical education for a Laboratory and Pharmacy Professional

A
  • ranges from 1-2 years of specialized training to a bachelors/masters/doctoral degree
76
Q

What do Laboratory and pharmacy professionals do

A
  • clean and maintain equipment
  • conduct lab tests
  • may specialize
  • collect blood samples
  • perform pharmacy related functions
77
Q

What do diagnostic and imaging professionals do

A
  • perform ultrasound and imaging tests

- work in laboratories to perform tests

78
Q

What education do diagnostic and imaging professionals need

A

1-2 yr specialized training to a bachelors or masters degree

79
Q

What do therapy and rehabilitation professionals do?

A
  • assist patients with work and physical related issues

- restore health and educate patients -

80
Q

What can professionals in therapy and rehabilitation specialize in

A 
occupational 
physical 
rehabilitation 
speech 
massage
81
Q

Describe the education of therapy and rehabilitation professionals

A

accreditation to doctoral degree (depends)

82
Q

What do professionals in health information and administration do?

A

manage medical, billing, insurance, legal, and governmental information

83
Q

Describe the education requirements of health information and administration professionals

A

1-2 yrs of specialized training to bachelors

computer skills are necessary

Dynamics of Health Care (21 decks)

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