chapter 15: critical thinking Flashcards
what two skills allow for good decision making
critical thinking
problem solving
What is critical thinking
a systematic way to form and shape one’s thinking.
- functions purposefully and exactingly
- is disciplined, comprehensive, and based on intellectual standards + reasoning
Who defined critical thinking
Dr.Richard Paul
Director of Research and Professional development at the Center for critical Thinking
What are the four features of critical thinking
= purposeful and results-oriented
= based on principles of Health Care practice and scientific method (judgment are evidence based)
= guided by professional standards and ethics codes
= self correcting with reevaluation and reflects desire to improve
what should healthcare workers not merely rely on
rote actions and skills
what happens when you think critically
you analyze information objectively to form your own judgement about it
Name types of information that is analyzed
personal experience
observations
reasoning
data communicated by others
What does good critical thinking result in in healthcare
positive patient outcomes
What 5 questions help to break down questions (like when taking medical history)
what is the main purpose of the patient visit
what is the most important information given by the patient
what data supports the information presented by the patient
what are the key concepts and how do they relate to the patients purpose
what message is being conveyed by te patient
How should you determine what information is relevant
assess what is supported by facts or research
What 7 qualities do critical thinkers have
fair mindedness autonomy integrity creativity humility confidence preserverance
Describe fair-mindedness versus unfair mindedness
critical thinkers = fair minded and open to all view points
- consider opposing points of view
Describe a healthcare worker who is fair-minded
- listen to statements by the patient, family, healthcare professionals, before reaching conclusion
How is autonomy a component of critical thinking
Critical thinkers must think for themselves
- analyze and evaluate beliefs and values
- do not accept the standard way of doing things
Describe a good critical thinkers view on believing and conforming
will question when its reasonable to question
will believe when it is reasonable to beleif
will conform when it is resonable to conform
What does perserverance require
dedication and determination
Why is perserverance important
important issues are complex/confusing and require thought and research
- this takse a lot of time
Describe an occupational therapists appraoch with perserverance v. laziness
an occupational therapist will modify their plan as necessary depending on the movement level of the patient
What is integrity
person applies rigorous standards of proof to their own knowledge or beliefs as they would to others
What does a hleathcare worker do to show integrity
- question their knowledge as they question or challenge others
Describe creativity in the healthcare field
- recognize traditional solutions but also recognize creative solutions
What does humility refer to
being aware of the limits of your knowledge
Why do critical thinkers have confidence
well reasoned thinking will lead to trustworthy conclusions
- have confidence in this reasoning process
What are the 7 “questions” of critical thinking
fair mindedness versus unfair mindedness autonomy versus conformity perseverance versus laziness integrity versus deceit creativity versus lack of creativity humility versus arrogance confidence versus distrust
What 4 steps can you take to improve your critical thinking skills
clarify your thinking
discipline your thinking
ask meaningful questions
be willing to change your mind
what are the five steps to basic problem solving
- identify the problem
- gather information and identify possible solutions
- select the best options
- implement the solution
- evaluate the results
What are three steps to gather information and identify possible solutions
- brainstorm in smallq groups
- collect data from patient through assessment
- conduct research
what is brainstorming
to generate creative ideas spontaneously, without stopping to analyze each idea
- no judging or criticism until the end
What must you do when selecting the best option
assess the short term and long term effects of each idea
What is a problem solving method that can be used ONLY IN certain situations
trial and error problem solving
what is trial and error problem solving
testing a number of solutions until that works is found
What are the 7 steps to scientific problem solving
- problem identification
- data collection
- hypothesis formulation
- plan of action
- hypothesis testing
- interpretation of results
- evaluation
what is scientific problem solving
systematic problem solving method
- complex version of basic problem solving
- used in controlled lab settings to carry out experiments
what is intuitive problem solving
identify a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems
- without logical thinking
what are some healthcare professionals thoughts on intuitive problem solving
clinical judgement should be based on data alone, not intuition
what are the four processes of studying
refreshing memory
take in new information
organize and memorize data
making connections among information
What three factors determine the effectiveness of a study area
lighting
temperature
surroundings
Describe lighting in a study area
need sufficient CONTROLLABLE lighting
- too much hurts your eyes
- too little strains your eyes
What is the good temperature for studying
65-70 F
18-21 C
Describe the effects of cold and hot temperature on studying
cold temperature is distracting
- cannot take notes w. cold fingers
hot temperatures cause heat stress
- impair mental sharpness
- cause drowsiness
How long should you try out a temperature in a study area
half an hour
what things should you keep in mind when deciding on the temperature of a study area (3)
sitting near an air conditioning makes you cold
sitting near heating vent makes you hot
a door may cause a draft
What four tips help you be more alert and avoid distractions
- background music
- white noise
- study without social networking
- turn off TV
Describe impact of background music
- promotes relaxed alertness
- stimulates learning
- improve recall
Describe the impact of white noise
- blocks out other sounds without creating a distraction
ex. electric fan or bubbling fountain
What resources should be reviewed, relating to upcoming tasks
- read texts
- review notes
- study patient files
- analyze patient files
- consult colleagues + learnres
- examine additional resources
what is daily preparation
helps to keep up with coursework or job
How should information be convered?
in small amounts at a time
- information is more easily absorbed in chunks
Name an “ideal” study session
1 hour sessions w breaks
what does it mean to truly learn something
understand the subject fully, so that you can recall it and apply it when necessary
what is the most common learning process
reading
- ask questions about material when reading as well
- check comprehension with end of chapter questions
What three things should you do when reading
- pay special attention to bold and italicized
- write main paragraph points in margins or note book
- read EVERYTHING (tables , graphs, illustrations)
what are the three parts of the learning process
reception
perception
selection
what is reception
to take in information without knowing what it means
what is perception
give meaning to the information
what is selection
brain recognizes information as important and unimportant
- important facts are processed
- unimportant facts are forgotten
what should you do to ensure that you remember information
review it immediately after receiving it
what is working memory
describe show the brain stores and retrieves information from short-long term memory
describe short term memory
- limited and lasts for as little as 15 seconds
- cannot store a great deal of info
- holsd 5-9 chunks of information
what does grouping do? give an example
- make space for more data in short-term memory
group 1929007 into 1929 and 007.
What does information do after it is grouped
- it is forgotten
- it is moved to the long term memory
What are three ways to move information from short to long term memory (without recall or review immediately)
- say or write down everything you remember
- recall events/information in different order
- recreate learning environment
What does it mean to recreate the learning environment
include sound smell details about weather objects people thoughts feelings
When is information forgotten
- not interested in subject
- lack purpose of learning
- few connections between memory and other pieces of information
How can you make associations + connections to study
- select the information to be remembered
2. connect it with a song, person, scent, memory
What is an acronym
a word created from the firs letter of each word in a phrase or each item on a list
Name an example of an acronym
- RICE for musculoskeletal injury treatment
RICE
ICE
COMPRESSION
ELEVATION
What are acrostics
phrases or sentences created from the first letter of each item on a list
Name an example of an acrostic
On Old Olympus’ Towering Tops, A Finn and a Swedish Girl Viewed Some Hops
for cranial nerves (12)
olfactory optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abduscens facial sensorimotor glossopharyngeal vagus spinal accessory hypoglossal
When do acronyms and acrostics work
when it is hard to find a personal memory or association for a peace of data
What are flashcards
- effective study tool for learning new material or reviewing information
- one side has term
- other side has definition formula or information
What is a fun game with flashcards
reviewing with a friend
mix up cards to ensure that each term is memorized
Describe music for memorization
- melody triggers memory
- by making up a jingle or song for the material, it is easier to recall it
How do people learn with study groups
helps them actively process information and think clearly/deeply
What are the four C’s of study groups
committed
contributing
compatible
considerate
How big should a study group be?
maximum 4-5 members
smaller groups = easier to review necessary materials and answer each others questions
What are the benefits of a study group
- mutual support
- reinforce learnt information
- deepen understanding
What are four tips for group study sessions
determine objectives
prepare in advance
alternate instruction
focus on the task
