Chapter 6a

Question 1

aversive stimuli

Answer 1

events or happenings that organisms escape from, evade, or avoid

Question 2

primary aversive stimuli

Answer 2

An aversive stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history; prepared to evade on the basis of phylogeny and biologically prepared to avoid or escape such events

insect stings, bright lights, attacks, foul odors, loud noises

Question 3

conditioned aversive stimuli

Answer 3

aquire aversive properties when associated with primary aversive events during an animals lifetime; depend on a history of punishment

include verbal threats, public criticism, failing grade, frown, verbal disapproval

Question 4

punishment

Answer 4

when a behavioral contingency results in a decrease in the rate of response

Question 5

punisher

Answer 5

any event or stimulus that decreases the rate of operant behavior

Question 6

positive punishment

Answer 6

occurs when a stimulus is presented following an operant and the operant decreases in frequency

Question 7

overcorrection

Answer 7

positive punishment procedure that uses restitution to reduce or eliminate destructive or aggressive behavior

Question 8

negative punishment

Answer 8

when an ongoing stimulus is removed contingent on a response and this removal results in a decrease in the rate of the behavior

Question 9

timeout from positive reinforcement

Answer 9

the wrongdoer loses access to positive reinforcement for a specified period for engaging in the undesirable behavior

Question 10

response cost

Answer 10

negative punishment procedure in which conditioned reinforcers are removed contingent on behavior, and the behavior decreases

Question 11

relativity of punishment

Answer 11

Punishers cannot be identified in absolute terms or in terms of common physical properties, should be systematically assessed to determine a relation with responses

Some reinforcers can act as punishers in certain contexts

Question 12

use of punishment debate

Answer 12

resulted from controversial techniques of positive punishment because many argued these procedures were morally wronh

Question 13

permanence of punishment

Answer 13

debate on whether punishment alone can not eliminate behavior, rather it suppresses without other extinction or suppression

Question 14

paradoxical effects of punishment

Answer 14

found across species using both positive and negative reinforcement to train and maintain initial responding

response produced punishments resemble the effects of positive reinforcement but do not function as a positive reinforcement